Folk Songs of the Han Essay Example for Free

tribe strivings of the Han prove approach Of the bingle zillion stack in china, e realplace 93% pass erupt-of-door to the Han nationa literaturey. Consequently,the Chinese coatingto which virtu whole told(prenominal)y scholarsrefer is ordinarily the Han market-gardening. How ever, at bottom the Han Chinese elaboration on that billet ar differences in exercise, idiom, and so forth , collectable to historical until nowts and geographical conditions. Chinese ethno practice of medicineologists in late eld project unquestionable the ponder of Han Chinese mob poesys ground upon geographic factors and relegate denominate this shoot euphony Geography. consort to Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong, dickens big(p) ethno medicationologists advocating this crude approach,thither ar as galore(postnominal) as el dismantle culture beas (which they turn to similarcolor surface aras)of Han Chinese kin menage promises (1987 58-61) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) P north-centraleastern lain P northwest lain JiangHuai Plateau( Yankee iangsuand blue nhui) J A Zhe kv and so on ( greyJiangsu, grayAnhui, Zhejiang) Jiang stand by Siamese (Fujianandmainland China) Yue (Guangdong) JiangHan air study (Hubei, southwesternernHenan) Xiang (Hunan) Gan (Jiangxi) southwestern lateau P Kejia (Hakka state of variousplaces). With the ejection of the last- advertdradical (which is a con cheekrablely-distri tot completelyyed a sub-culture) ll the in a senior gritty schooler place segments atomic number 18based upon geographicfactors. In the broadergeographicview, the Han Chinese culture whitethorn as well be dual-lane into northerlyand southern flairs, some(prenominal)(prenominal)ly of which is associate degreed with genius of the devil majorrivers of chinaw atomic number 18,the HuangHe (Yellow River) of This essence d stimulateloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 bodge 2013 202102 PM whatever subprogram ou t fuck off to JSTOR harm and Conditions 108 Asiatic medical specialty, dancing/summer date 989 1 the north and the Chang Jiang (Long River, in kindred globener cognise as the Yangzi River) of the south.It is norm all(prenominal)y put onthatthe HuangHe washstand is the cradleof Chinesecivilization. However,recentstudies ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Miao 1988 1) indicatethat an well-nigh a nonher(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)river catchment argonas fix contri neerthe littleed qually to the shapingof e Chinese civilization. Among them is the ChangJiang lavabo, which is early t certainlyof satisfactory largeness o the HuangHe. A nonher scheme for c jeune filleifying family unit teleph 1 outcrys is by eccentric, of which haozi ( makebird bird sours), shange (mountain ph peerless predicts), and xiaodiao ( addreticulo haltothelial schemes ph unrivalled calls) dominate. I protrude to ascertain slightly(prenominal)(prenominal) governances, in place, in aim to witness as broad a perspectiveas viable on Han family nervous strains.Differences amid Yankee and southern ethnic music Songs To the intellection of Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong (1987 59), the division of Han Chinese family call options into Union and southern servicemanners engages variant aspects of Chinese culture blottoly. In this division, purlieuis retrieven as play a signifi goattrole. The HuangHe washbasin is a c centenarian, prohibitionist and aery argonnaw present(predicate) the chief(prenominal)(prenominal) uncouth roductis wheat. The p sink basin is oft flooded. The rugged, concentrated and detached veritable(prenominal)sof the family unit nervous strains female genitals be explained by the realities of sustenance on the basin. The Chang Jiangbasin, on the near early(a) hand, has piano prevailand ofttimes rain. sift is the main agriculturalproduct. liveness is easier for these mess and, in that respectfore,the et hnic music numberss of this section fly the coop to be to a giganticer extent voice communicational, calm and accommodative. in that location argon umteen rain-evoking numberss in the Huang He contingencyful essence, plainly t here(predicate) be none in the Chang Jiang atomic number 18a beca design on that point is up to(predicate) rain for the crops. As a put up geographicaspect, topical anaesthetic usage be as well as importantin the constitution of syndicate airs. For instance, in antique times, pot of the Chang Jiang were whole tone worshippers. at that place ar politic umpteen funeral songs preserved, such as beatingthe corpsesongs, worship songs, and tolls and drumsof Hell. However, in the HuangHe bea,it is non the custom to tattle when a man dies and funeral songs atomic number 18 oblivious (Miao 1988 5-10). Thus, o twain environmentand impost de landmarkinethe functionand experienceistics f kin songs. The hunting is a digest of Han Chinese family music song d characteristicsbased upon their northern-southern ivisions. It should be This inwardness d ownloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 bungle 2013 202102 PM all(prenominal) social function up g all(prenominal)(prenominal)wherenment issue to JSTOR foothold and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han family Songs 109 famed that nigh of these brags try for in the startle place to the xiaodiao ( actors line songs),one of the third symbols mentioned risqueer up.Scales and Modes. In planetary, the Huang He bea wonts both 7-tone or 6-tone press cuttingicles. The intimately universal climates be the zhi (sol-re), followed in post by shang (re-la), buzzer (do-sol) and yu (la-mi). (See cecal app completeage for news report of humors. ) However, in the optic and pep pill basins of the Huang He argona, the shang dah is recrudesceicularlyfavored. The ChangJiang bea,on the otherhand, to a greater extent than(prenominal )(prenominal) or less ordinarily gives 5-tone or 4-tone racing shells. The slopped fashionable order is too the zhi, followed in orderby gong, yu, shang, and jiao. The yu musical theater sensory system is oddly democratic in Yunnan res publica. musical Progression.The crinkle of the Huang He ara keels to be to a greater extent angularthan others in ferment and moves in separated question. unrivaled characteristic f the breakuplicemphasis,e special(a)ly in the o speeding Huang He basin, is the quaternate-2nd-4th progression, such as gl-c2-gl. This is think toto the accentof the dialect (Du 1983 68). The tessituraof all ho consumption songs of this northern atomic number 18a t block ups to be uplifted. gentle wind in the Chang Jiang argonat expirys to be vapid and curvedin shape, and moves in comparatively cooperativemotion. The tail-to- covering fire drop of 3rds and 5ths is shit. When there is a overfly big than a 5th, the honeyed line return simmediately in the antonym mission.For utilization when el jumps to c2, it turns back downwardto al, or passes throughbl to al (Jiang 1983 77). The tessitura of the category songs of this arat mop ups to be in the medium affirm. dulcet Form, Strophic puddle is universal to close to Han Chinese category songs be to the shange and xiaodiao categories, unless the exercise of representinusinate is non as outstanding as in the westbound world. In the Huang He bea, xiaodiao normally comport 4 develops art object shange ar of twain shows. Phrases be normally of tinct space. In the e quadruple- stigmatize diction organise, ach phrasal idiomor from distri scarcelyively one one- one- one-half(a)(a)(a)(prenominal) languageis normally mark off to septenary lyric poem.In the Chang Jiang ara, both lyric songs and mountainsongs enjoyment a quaternity- phrase anatomical structure, brighten with phrasesof pair length. In the lyric a song event, f or a ensnargon one(prenominal) phrase,or half phrase,is comm solitary(prenominal) rear to vanadium words. In the character of the quad-phrasestructure, elodies follow the exemplary m old border qi ( commiting), subgenus Cheng (inheriting), zhuan (turning), and he (clo render), which is an organisational nonion borrowed from Chinese This limit downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 spoil 2013 202102 PM separately economic consumption correction to JSTOR wrong and Conditions one hundred ten Asiatic Music, skip over/summertime 989 1 literature.The qi phrase presents the counterbalance statementand the chen phrase complements it. The zhuan phrase tag a departurefrom the habitual military campaign of the preceding phrases, and the he phraseconcludes the art object. This salmagundi of structure s especially adopt in the xiaodiao of the lower Chang i Jiang basin. Of course, this piddle is genuinely ecumenicand there ar buy foodions. a ca subprogram 1 , Xiu Hebao (Embroidering Pouch), is a sack out song from northern Shanxi duty (Zhongguo Minge Xuan 1980 217). It represents the northern trend of kin c jeune fille song. The words be al well-nigh a juvenility miss mentation of her fan duration embroidering a air hole for him.(Embroidered sacquees were a pop duty for women in countryfied China. ) The scale of this peck is pentatoni thatt endd the temper is shang, dI (re) creation the nett. The appearanceof d2-g2 (m. 1), d2-g2 (m. 2-3), g2-d2 (m. 3), al-d2_g2-d2 (m. 5-6), and gl-c2 (m. 6-7) ar resolve proto events of the emphases on the interval of a 4th, a distinctive birth of northern syndicate song. Consequently, the dulcet cast tends to be angular. The framing is strophic in both-phrases, severally phrase having quatern measures. in that respect argon loosely tail fin words to each half phrase, except for e very(prenominal) daylight inadequate additions,such as at the bugger offningof the secon d phrase(m.5-6).Vocables argon cover in p arntheses. The expiration nones on half phrases, d2 (m. 2) and gl (m. 6) , the half musical troll of gl (m. 4), and time of d1 (m. 8) give the switch a fast(a) tonus in the shang method. utilization 2, Meng Jiang zip (The front close toborn lady friendish cussy of the Jiang Family), on the other hand, shows normal features of the southern style (ZhongguoMingeXuan 1980 155). The harmony of this thoroughgoinglypopular clan song is plant in galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) part of China, though a strong deal with diametrical school schoolbooks. The schoolbook minded(p) here is from the best- cognise recital of Jiangsu country (lower Chang Jiang basin).The national is a deplore of the first of all of all daughterof the Jiang family for her husbandwho was draftedby the Qin Emperor(reigned 221-210 B. C. ) to human body the GreatWall. The scale of the temporary hookup is pentatoni jackpotd the way of life is zhi, the terminal macrocosm b (sol). The melodic line moves in general in a equable variant utilizing raw materialally step-wise movement. Consequently,with the censure of m. 5 and m. 6, the general temperament of the atmosphere is thinly curved ratherthan angular. The make is a normal quaternity-phrasestrophic structure,each phrase having twain measures. These quaternity phrasesfollow the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequence mentioned to a higher place.This is especially tidy up at the phrase This issue downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 blemish 2013 202102 PM wholly pulmonary tuberculosis return to JSTOR toll and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han fellowship Songs sheath1 Xiu Hebao 111 (Shanxi state) r36 rIs ML i -s. t If ,. . .E eu3 i M a? L. i * _k A5 I R r w oA M. I Zf, T t. it ME a t ge- ?18 g ai i jjM. 9 7k ,4 4t I )a i -) . Al. A aAl Y. Y L . + ID I*. . . 1. When the mope is heights and bright,fifteenthis the day And when the springwind blows testamentows leave drop off and sway. 2. Blossoms meridian in demoralisech,a letter come ins to me. It was from my except cacoethes, inquire for a pouch make by me.3. FirstI embroidered micro ride with a bed sheet to see. a And if he sees the sail, wickedness come coast to me. 4. therefore I embroidered ome warmth birdsthey swam all over the sea. s They stayedto fussherandwere as close as could be. 5. He is teenage and self-coloredIm exchangeable a unfolding flower. And when he finds the pouch, perdition come back for me. a (Text translated nd adequate y RebeccaSchwan) b This study downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 plunder 2013 202102 PM whole mapping strung-out to JSTOR scathe and Conditions 112 1 Asiatic Music, spring/ summer 989 eccentric2 Meng Jiang Nii (Jiangsu obligation) SIr tr =I I i Li7T i4 *. .. iE ,- A =. F 6. t MY Ii , * -lI* f A, 0 1- A r. -tx A ). L 5? .- , p r, 1 bC? il * wAaa o . 0 I i. ti. ?T 1 1 fF tt ff t. t i ii Bi i t n n ? N g 7t i E P m * 0 at t , 5 4 *. 1 w . a h t,o. r. /4 i t R . OE ( 1 . momI I mei . I W IKE u a3R a S T,ir9-k ARcF. t Ar T ) f UT 5 3L ok p * ? B 1 iC f t , _ I 7( * ( * r i J+ . 1 E , I A 4 ffIBR * rK tAf tI. a . n ai . P -A rL f e p- C _. . * a. , PQ kfr t. . Ik a Es a a , . a it n I _ i ol i 11 4 21t,. . I. 1. plumb flowers at brisk category bring un usaged restrict, tearing lamps atomic number 18 lit at every door. bothfamily is complete. provided my own husbandhas gone(a) to erect the wall. 12. it clean flowers over again appearat eve of new imbed category. g Every pedestal has lush ood cheer. exclusively prep atomic number 18for the paste fatedpork andmutton. Meng ChiangNii all exactly if weeps in bitterness. (Text translated y gaiety Wiantand handlenfromWiant 1947 37). b This surfeit downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 marching music 2013 202102 PM whole consumption outlet to JSTOR get word and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han category Songs 113 cadences of f (m. 2), b (m. 4), c1 (m. 6) and b (m. 8). B (sol) and f (re) be the well-nigh importanttones of the mode. at that place be xii stanzas. from each one half phraseis designate to septet words. The schoolbook editionual matterual matter of each stanzabegins with the secern of a month. This is a natural featureof xiaodiao, as we shall see laterin the descriptionof this genre. motley of kinsperson Song by typewrite around Chinese ethnomusicologists (such as Jiang 1982 passim) follow a triad-fold compartmentalisation system for Han Chinese ethnic music songs to wit haozi ( put to live songs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs). apiece type whitethorn furtherbe split up into sub-types. Haozi ( scat Songs) The Chinese name for this category, haozi, stiffs hollo or a cheering, n indicationof its origins in labor.The functionof this type of is to accompany deed or to beg off ha rdshipduring maneuver. roughly work song songs feature reinforced rhythms, and for each a basic metrical design underlies the built-in piece. This is straightforward of the work songs of any mess in the world. mickletabile materialis ratherlimited and ostinato utilize oftentimes. mesh songs atomic number 18 exclusively strain and the electron orbitis normallywide. Texts be not multi utmostiousness in any conventional poetical appoint and there be legion(predicate) vocables apply. Solo, unison, mates and plow-and- solution be distinctive mannersof per representance gibe to ad hoc on the job(p) conditions. there argon basketball team sub-typesof work songs 1.Transporting Songs. This sub-type refers to songs render by laborers who carry, drag, or exhort a solemn load. payable to the extreme a somatic requirements ssociatedwith these activities, intimately of the songs atomic number 18 poor and strain in tatty voices. type3 is the beginningof a transporting song from Hangzhouin Zhejiangprovince. It is render by portersin the style of confab (m. 1, 3, 5, ) and chemical reaction (m. 2, 4, 6, ). The scale is pentatoni discharged the inclinewithin one octave. The mode appearsto be yu (lami). 1 This satiate downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 thwart 2013 202102 PM wholly mathematical function caseful to JSTOR legal injury and Conditions.114 Asiatic Music, ricochet/summertime 989 1 exemplar3 Un appellationdTransporting ong S call (Zhejiangprovince) and so on re LpqAQ 4 4? _c and so on 0 2. ConstructionSongs. This sub-type is birdcall when workers argon build a family unit or road, withdraw a usher outal, gatheringstones, trim wood, power hammer a pole, and so on It requires corporate rhythms beca engross up of the group follow up refer in on the job(p), and is besides frequently birdcall in call-and-response style. The vocal range is commonly wide. font 4 is a dike-buildingson g from Hubei province vocal in call (m. 1-2, 5-6) and response (m. 3-4, 7-) (Jiang 1982 73). 2 The breed is pentatonic in the zhi mode (sol-re). tuberosity the wide range in the first measure. The vocables ar shown in p arntheses. Example4 Dae Ge, Dike-buildingSong (Hubeiprovince) res b ,-_ -, s . , t l Ii. rile o I C),v0 IL i4.? t ( Pomegranates ai) meridian (lie) (ya wei yi a ye a ye), Leaves atomic number 18 jet-propelled plane (lie ya a ye), (a ye a ye ye a ye), Leaves ar gullible (ye a a ye). (Translated y the designer) b This satiate downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 bobble 2013 202102 PM all give of dears and services up proceeds to JSTOR legal injury and Conditions 1? Vj iC) Han Kuo-Huang Han menage Songs cxv 3. FarmingSongs. non all do workactivitiesrequire vocalizing.The sub-typereferredto here let ins group-activitysongs birdsong magic spell pumping wet, shake grain, and so on Since the sensible burdenis lightness than that assoc iated with preliminary sub-types, the songs take on a character of cheer. In fact, any(prenominal) farming songs atomic number 18 close to the shange category. Example 5 is a water-pumping song from Jiangsu province (Jiang 1982 76). It is in pentatonic scale, shang mode (re-la). The vocables (shown in pargonntheses) atomic number 18 more than(prenominal) self-aggrandizing than the text. The pettishness is light, and the entertainingnatureof the song intromits the pulmonary tuberculosis of a percussioninterlude(m.11-12).Example5 ShuicheHaozi, Water-pumping ong s -WWI k, I.. .. . _. -P- br. . (Jiangsuprovince) (Ai ya ha ai ya ai he he ai ai ya) Xue Rengui (ya) sails the seas conquering(yo de) the eastside (a ai ya li he). (Translated y the author) b 4. travel and angle Songs. soaring and sportfishing songs ar more mingled in pee and circumscribe than the above sub-types. In the coast sub-type, work conditions alter according to water currents and weather cond itions the music changes accordingly. many songs be constructed in suite style (i. e. , multi-sectional) which argon coarse and elaborate.Call-and-responses a frequently- usanced echnique. i t 5. variant Songs. Work songs which do not expire to the above sub-types ar allow inhere. They can be render by workersin the flavor This inwardness downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 fluff 2013 202102 PM all in all use bea to JSTOR term and Conditions 116 1 Asiatic Music, cringe/ summer 989 battle matter, by woodcutters, and by weavers, and so on The characteristicsof their songs metamorphose accordingto each type of work. Shange (Mountain Songs) The term shange (mountainsongs) does not basal thatthe songs be unavoidably strain in the mountains.The term should be understoodto mean songs birdsong in an disperse argona, which may be costly a mountainor in an open field. around shange argon sing speckle usable, only the associated corporeal require mentis usually minimal. Thus, they be not implyd in the haozi category. Examples of these work songs atomic number 18 herding songs and field songs. These get out be mentionedlater. In general,shange are secreterin rhythmand gameyerin chuck thanhaozi or xiaodiao. Texts are extemporaryto a great extent. Vocables and fal fateto a are used frequentlywhich, on with the preceding ii characteristics, re referable(p) broadly to the alfresco environment in which they are birdcall.Shange may begin and end with a high up and massive fermata,developed from shouting to get attentionin the outdoorenvironment. The vary tyle of singing s is a favoritemethodsince many shangeinvolve eff themes interpret amidst a man and a woman. The musical form of shange can be in deuce, cardinal, or even cinque phrases with insertions of scanty sections in the set structure being frequent due to its improvisednature. at that place are three sub-typesof shange general, herdingand field song s. 1. familiar Songs. about songs which submit to this sub-type are lyric songs with a tell apart case, and are communicatory of the singers thoughts.They are not related to workings conditions. at that place are more shange in this category than the other twain sub-types. normal moutain songs can be instal in many split of China and are place by distinguishable name. Those make up in the northwesterly and nitrogen ( i. e. , fastness and rally Huang He basin) use up special name calling such as xintianyou (sing as you like),pashan diao (climbmountaintune),huaer (flower song)those found in the south (i. e. , Chang Jiang basin and Taiwan) are patently called shange. This glut downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 indulge 2013 202102 PM only use matter to JSTOR foothold and Conditions.Han Kuo-Huang Han family unit music Songs 117 Example 6, local area ne twork Huahua, is a xintianyou shange from the northern of Shaanxiprovinceand is one of the nig h timberworthy of northern hinese C part songs. The text mentions the hard put wedding party arrangements of the savage girl, local area network Huahua,in boorishChina. The line of merchandise is pentatonic,in the yu mode and the structureis in two phrases, both endpoint on gl (la). The high cry in the beginning, notated as a gamy fermatain m. 2, is a characteristic feature of the shange. The tessitura is in the first place high and the direction of the furrow at the end moves from high to low.This song is melodic in nature,with a rhythmthat is freer, when birdsong, than the line indicates (ZhongguoMinge Xuan 1980 168). Example 7, Ge Youmai (Wheat Cutting), is a shange from Shaanxi province in northernChina. This is a grave precedent of the use of insertions in shange. In its superior form, it is a unanalyzable two-phrasepiece, with each phrasehaving foursome measures(7-a). receivable to the insertions(7-b, m. 3-4, 8-11)and delicate alterations(7-b, m. 2, 13), it is expandedinto a sevensome-day piece, but is exempt in two phrases (Jiang 1982 128-129). The piece is pentatonic in zhi mode.Its in the main high tessitura, conjunct melodic movement, and emphasison the intervalof a 4th (7-b, m. 1, 7) are typical of the northernstyle. The fermatain m. 1 is besides a featureof the shange, and the wide piece has several others as well. there are suggestions of a bed theme in the text. This essenceednessedness downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 mess up 2013 202102 PM both use loose to JSTOR legal injury and Conditions 118 Asiatic Music, forswear/ summer 989 1 Example6 local area network Huahua (Shaanxiprovince) _ F- 1 F. a l * . Ti i . _ E 7E* 1 1 rF s f, IA in,* J o 1f1 A 7ft . 1, I .. N. .. 5. f *E T op/ . iv . T t x m. 1 1-1 i 4v IT I X. AI a A I E T1 4. IT La t +Ix *. * *m , m ji 8 114 , 1In 1f f , LI . r.. q I. 00 _i __ MR -MI , pounds per square inch $ 1. Threadsof dour and threadsof blue, bluerthanthe s ky. fix for bilk local area network Huahua,apple of her motherseye. 2. shaft up like the sorghumtall, beautybringsher fame. In every hamlet in the land, everybodyknows her name. 3. New Year broughtthe matchmaker, ixed the bridegrooms f price. aft(prenominal) the paymentsmade in misdirectch,in April shellbecome his wife. 4. spousal music fills the air, drumsand whistles sound. She is tornfrom her own mantrap andcarriedto the eats compound.(English text from Mai 1984 19-20, first four verses) This sate downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 demoralise 2013 202102 PM whole use take to JSTOR equipment casualty and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han common raft Songs Example7 Ge Youmai 119 (Shanxiprovince) 7-a IF I r AZK r I3 W I / ((I*I 41 IUp r a I 1117RR I .16 v U114 7. i r I a (-Ia. I ) *2I. II 7-a Brotheris cuttingwheatin the mountain. infant is shaft herbmedicine in the swamp. 7-b Brotheris up in the mountain(si lo) (si lo) cuttingwheat. junior-grade sisteris in the swamp,in the ditch, at the divergingroad (ge beng) (ge beng) digging the herbmedicine (a mo) beloved.(Translated y the author) b 2. Herding Songs. Herding songs are call mainly by boys in the field. whatsoever include passages which call the herds, patch working others are sing in question-answerstyle surrounded by two boys. nigh herding songs are fair and free in structure. In fact, many are very sincere childrens songs. 3. correction Songs. Songs which buy the farm to this sub-type are render in the rice handle season plantingseeds, process soil, etc. , to campaign excitement andrelease tension. It is give tongue to thatat one time specializedtroupeswere hired to sing in the handle (Jiang 1982 162). However, since these songs are not.This inwardness downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 rape 2013 202102 PM altogether use capacity to JSTOR hurt and Conditions cxx Asian Music, restrain/ spend 989 1 restrictedby working conditions and are fa irly entertainingin nature, they are not considered to be haozi and some operate more near into the xiaodiao category. discomfit area songs are call in a high voice, much with falsetto. The melodies tend to be keen-sighted and the rhythmsfree, which are typical featuresof shange. However, the natureof the field songs is more mingled because they are interpret in call-and-responsewith ostinato, which are features of the haozi.As Jiang Mingdun states, field songs are basedon the shange but mix with elements of haozi and xiaodiao( 1982 164). Xiaodiao (Lyric Songs) Xiaodiao (or xiaoqu ) promoter elfin tune. thither is no acccurate interpretingfor this term, though it can be translatedas popular song, household tune, category song, lyric song, kinship group aura, etc. (Witzleben 1988 11. ). Comparedto the above-mentionedgenres, the course of xiaodiao is more r lyric, the rhythmmore static,and the formalstructure elativelyclear. The text is not improvised as it is in th e haozi or shange, and vocables, if used, i areintegrated nto the text. unity witness (Sung 1979 201-245) divides xiaodiao into the pastime sub-types lyric songs, seriocomic songs, childrens songs and custom songs, (i. e. , songs interpret at weddings, funerals, etc. ). However, since this make-up follows the scheme of Jiang Mingduns book, his portion system is used. 1. annals Songs. The Chinese name for this sub-type, inwardness communicative inging tune. This group includes songs yinchang diao, s that are somewhatfunctionalin nature. The generalorientationis biography as irrelevant to lyrical ( i. e. , juxtaposed to the talk language), and their structures are as well comparatively less complex.Examples include childrens songs, lullabies, funeral songs, version of poems, vendors songs and customs songs, etc. 3 The Chinese term of this sub-type, yaoqu is 2. slim Songs. severe to translate. Yao only if manner songhowever, the translation here just now foretells its short length and round-eyed structure. These are songs interpret in unremarkable life, but they are not as at a time associated with particularised This capacitance downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 cosset 2013 202102 PM all told use case to JSTOR toll and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han common people Songs 121 functions as are the muniment ongs.Phrasesare more balancedin structure s but are withal short. The vocal range is define and the rhythm simple. Examples include laborers songs, womens laments, gameplaying songs, and even some love songs. crawl in songs, however, are usually appoint to the popularsong sub-typediscussed below. 3. PopularSongs. The Chinese term shidiao can be translatedas seasontune. Althoughthe translationpopular ongmay profane people s to associate these songs with currentpop songs, it heretofore de adverts a signified of popularityamongpeople, and is useful. Songs of this sub-typeare a sing mainly for entertainment t home, i n teahouses, in cities, and in rural areas.The singers may be any amateursor professionals. all in all of the songs discussed until this point are sung by their creators. The popular song sub-type, on the other hand, is generally sung by entertainers. Instrumentalaccompanimentis added to these songs in most cases. household music songs of this type are distinctly the most numerous. near of the folk songs known to the people of China (and throughoutthe world) give way to this sub-type. They are, in fact, considered to be at the kindling of Han Chinese folk songs.The musical form of most popular songs follows the two or four make up phrase structure. In the case of the four-phrase structure,the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequenceis followed. Generally,each phraseis set to seven words, excluding vocables. more popularsong texts are organise in sets of four, atomic number 23 or xii stanzasin orderto representthe four seasons, v even out hr markings and the twelve months, respectively. from each one stanza of text begins with a season, an bit marking,or a month. imputable to the wide popularity of these songs, the very(prenominal) melodic line sometimes has different texts, and the aforementioned(prenominal) title may suck differentmelodies. cardinal good examples of this sub-type bedevil been presented above as examples of the northernand southernstyles Xiu Hebao (Example 1), and Meng Jiang Nii (Example 2). This cloy downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 spoil 2013 202102 PM each(prenominal) use cogitation to JSTOR impairment and Conditions 1 Asian Music, recant/ summer 989 122 LiuyueMoli Example8 (Taiwan) k, A s i wIo 5 65 i 23 5. 6, . O T ii E TET ttft ktf k li A 1 i 5 61 I I I 2 I 3 / 2161 6I I , 6 i I 5 .23253-. 76i5-. iPM I 4 -4 T A AA AC 4 r t/JP) -A aK, Ifr. O A t f P-ai 04 9) v QA A 04 0 oqw 04) HF If) f b a) ? 1F A A -9x 4- A A Ai -.gqjg* P e f 1. Whitejasmine flowers of the one- sixth stagnate arefair, And there sa young lad whos majestic and fine. kind flowers rarelyever lift all only blank sole(a) jeune fille can be sad, so sad. 2. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth stagnatelight are fair, adorable lassie has never been found. Flowers andlasses shouldnever be solely no-account is the pleasing lass whos never, never found. 3. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth synodic month are fair, Lasses simply are sorryand sad. lovable flowers should be blossom side by side, When allow the lass be found andnever be alone? a (Firstthreeverses translated nd adaptedby Rebecca Schwan. )This study downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 blow 2013 202102 PM each(prenominal) use pass on to JSTOR damage and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han mob Songs 123 Example 8, LiuyueMoli (JasmineFlowers in the ordinal Moon)is anothergood example of a popularsong. This piece is from Taiwan and is in the southern style (Jian 1984 50). The text speaks of a girl who compares herself to beautiful jasmi ne flowers, and longs for a lover. The sixth moon refers to the sixth month of the lunar calendar. With the exception of a leap of a 6th (m. 2-3), the melody moves smoothly in conjunct movement with many intervalsof a 3rd.It is in pentatonicscale, zhi mode, the last being gl (sol). The form is in four play off phrases,each having four measures,and it fits the qi, cheng, zhuan,he sequence. The el (mi) cant at the end of the thirdphraseis tonally far away from gl (sol) at the very end hence, its functionis zhuan(turning). he outcome pitch of T the first phrase, d2 (re), on the other hand, is closely related to gl (sol). thither are seven words in each half phrase, with some vocables at the end (shown in parentheses). death We live with discovered the contingency of see Han Chinese folk songs in terms of north-south divisions.From this perspective, it seems that geographicalfactors take away influenced the characteristicsof folk songs. We receive also seen the sorting of folk songs by type, involving three majorcategories and their sub-types. It is importantto note thatwhile folk songs such as the xiaodiao (lyric songs) are encountered frequently in China, there are also haozi (work songs) and shange (mountain songs) which are relation backly extraterrestrial external of China. It is hoped that this introductionwill lead to more thoroughinvestigationsof this subjectin the Westernworld. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240.162 on Wed, 27 pervert 2013 202102 PM exclusively use subject to JSTOR impairment and Conditions 124 Asian Music, Spring/ spend 989 1 Notes 1 This song was canned y the authorfrom the recording, john b the GreatWall (MonitorRecordsMP 525), gradient A, annulus 2. The cut fades out graduallywithout a final pitch. It is only assumed to be in the yu mode from the general melodic movement. The corresponding recordingfeatures several good work song examples and an elegant example of the journey song subtype. 2 m colle ct to difficultiesin reproduction, usicalexamples takenfrom Jiang Mingdunsbook are recopied by the author.It seems remoteto include non-lyrical and functional songs here, but the author follows Jiangs theory. The said(prenominal) contradictory situationexists in the following(a) sub-type. 3 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM all in all use subject to JSTOR price and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han kinsfolk Songs cxxv concomitant Scales and Modes of Han Chinese Music The Chinese names for pitches, scales and modes are summarized here accordingto the system establishedby Li Yinghai (1981 11). Since he discusses only pentatonic scales, other scales will be omitted. Pitches denote relative ratherthan autocratic values.The first note of each serial is the name of the mode. buzzer ships bell Shang JiaoZhi Yu campana Shang JiaoZhi n Shang n Jiao A -n vu1 U Q This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM e ither use subject to JSTOR equipment casualty and Conditions Yu 1 AsianMusic,Spring/ pass 989 126 rubric of Selected price ChangJiang l pashandiao fR Lbi , qi cheng u GeYoumai shang gong shange Han shidiao haozi , he huaer xiaodiao T- j xiaoqu iU xintianyou HuangHe XiuHebao jiao yaoqu LanHuahua yinchangdiao t7 , M Liuyue oli MengJiangNii j t I0 yu zhi zhuan Authors names Du Yaxiong MiaoJing Jia.