Macbeth suffers a terrible downfall – Who is to blame? Is it all his fault? Is he truly evil?

In the play†Macbeth†, Macbeth suffers a terrible downfall. At the begining of the play he is fearless and brave he doesn't have a care in the world but by the end he has become corrupted and a fearful, tretorous man. At first we don't see Macbeth we only hear about him all we know at the begining is that he is in battle fighting the norwegians and alongside him is Banquo his dearest friend. The king discribes him as â€Å"Brave Macbeth† for his fighting shows he is brave as well as fearless so later in the play for this he is rewarded Thane of Glamis. Along the way homewe hear about the 3 witches or as Macbeth calls them â€Å"The Instruments Of Darkness†, Macbeth and Banquorun into them and they give Macbeth 3 predictions which are 1)He Becomes Thane of Cawdor 2)He Becomes Thane of Glamis 3)He Becomes King He does not belive it but he is already Thane of Cawdor and anyone would know that. After hearing this Banquo askes about him and the witches say that he will not be king himself but his children or children's children will be, both Macbeth and Banquo are intrigued by what they have herd but when Macbeth askes to know more the witches vanish. This shows that these witches started everything off as you will see when the story moves on. When Macbeth arives back at his camp a messenger brings the news that he has become Thane of Glamis which was the witches second prediction. Glad to hear the news the witches brang him as well as becoming Thane of Glamis, Macbth write's his wife (Lady Macbeth) a letter telling her what has happened, as Lady Macbeth reads the letter she builds up an idea in her head. By the time she had finished reading it she had a plan to make Macbeth king. This plan was to murder The king in his sleep and make it look like the guards did it by placeing the bloody knifes on them. When Macbeth hears of this plan in his head he thinks to himself â€Å"should i or should i not kill the king† he doen't know weather to be loyal to his king or to his wife. In the end he decides to choose his wifeand go through with the murder. As he is walking to the kings chamber he see's a floating knife in his way which he things is a sign to go through with it (or is it a sign of guilt?) then blood appears on the knife and he knows what to do he murders The king. The murder was not shown on stage because the King/Queen always came to see shakespear's plays and if they see themself's getting murdered they might think that someones plotting against them. Macbeth also kills the guards so he has less chance of being found out. Lady Macbeth acts as if it can be forgotten she tells Macbeth to wash his hands clean of the blood and he will never be cought. In the morning when the king is discovered Macbeth tries to cover up his tracks; â€Å"Loyal, and neutral, in a moment; No man, the expedition of my violent love† this is what Macbeth says when the guards are dicovered he said that he killed them in anger after finding out about the murder of The king. Lady Macbeth faints to draw attenchion away from Macbeth. When the air to the throne finds out the king is dead flees to another country. The killing of Banquo is a simple thing to explain, Macbeth has him killed because of the witches predictions. He believes that Banquo's children or children's children will take over his throne so he has him killed BUT! his son Fleaunce escapes. When Macbeth orders the killing of Macduffs family it is so dreadful because he wants Macduff dead not his family. I think that he has hem killed so thatMacduff is corupted and gives himself up. At the end of the play Macbeth changes totally in personallity and everything. From Starting of as brave, fearless Macbeth to feaful Macbeth. He believes he is invinsable that he can not be killed but he soon finds out that he is wrong. Macbeths weak points in this story were his wife, the witches and his conchance. Killing the king was his own choise but is wife also played a big part in killing him telling Macbeth â€Å"He wasn't a man if he didn't go though with it† he also believed it was what he had to do after seeing the floating dagger covered in blood. EVIL! evil is a man whom kills his king, evil is a man who kills his best friend, evil is a man who kills someone elses wife and children! I believe that Macbeth is infact evil for what he did to his king, best frend and Macduffs family. In the begining i don't think he would have even dreamt of doing such a thing but after hearing the witches predictions he changes, his heart turns black and all he cares about is being King of Scotland that was his goal and as far as he was concerned nothing was going to stop him by getting in his way!

Case Study for Canady vs Walmart Essay

1. In your own words, what does pretext mean? Pretext is a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason. 2. Write a paragraph that supports the argument that Canady’s dismissal was based on racial discrimination. Canady’s would say that his dismissal was based on racial discrimination because Smith a manager introduced himself as a slave driver. Next Smith, ask Canady â€Å"What’s up, my nigga?† and was also referred to as a â€Å"lawn jockey†. He also claimed that Smith made states that all African American look alike, and that his skin color wiped off on towels. Since Canady did not report these comments when Smith made them; Smith continued to use the phase from the Rush Hour movie. He could also believe that the day we was left in the department by himself that management was discriminating against him because he was left to do all the work with no help. 3. Write a paragraph that supports that argument that Wal-Mart’s decision was based on Canady’s insubordination. Wal-Mart’s decision was based on insubordination for one Canady was eating in an area where there are policies in place that prohibits easting in the food preparation area. When asked to stop eating in the prohibited area Canady started an argument with management. After the store manager was called to help with the situation Canady continued argue loudly in front of customers and other associates. Candy did not follow the policy that does not allow employees to eat in the food preparation area and he was arguing with management in front of other was insubordination. 4. Research the case. How did the court rule? Why did they rule in this manner? The wrongful termination claim, that claim fails to make out a prima facie case in that Canady failed to establish the fourth prong (i.e. that there are facts that permit an inference of discrimination). Alternatively, even if Canady made out a prima facie case, he failed to present sufficient evidence of pretext. The fact that Smith made racially offensive remarks is of no consequence because those remarks were made outside of the decision making process. The ruling on the hostile work environment claim, the Court found that Smith’s comments are not sufficiently offensive to the actionable. The Circuit Judge Lay dissents.

Chapter Assignment

A. Scope Statement Project objective To organize a casual, charity dinner-dance concert for 30 couples within four weeks at cost not to exceed $5,500. Deliverables Dinner for 60 people. Venue. Jazz music performance. Charity Information announcement. Milestone 1. Hall reserved and Jazz combo hired -February 2 2. The guest list checked-February 7 3. Invitation sent-February 14 4. Track list confirmed-February 20 5. Caterer hired-February 25 6. Tables, chairs arranged-February 28 Technical requirements . There must be dance floor that can accommodate 60 people to dance. 2. There must be sufficient number of tables and chairs that can hold 60 people. 3. There must be proper sound equipment for the music. Limits and exclusions 1. The concert will be organized to the specification provided by the local charity. 2. Alcohol drinks are not included among the ticket price but soft drinks are included. 3. Venue decoration and arrangement work limited through February 27 to March 1. Customer review The local charity b.The priorities would likely be the time and scope. The time is constrained since the concert would be held on specific date, and the scope of it must meet the specifications provided by the local charity. The quality should be accepted since the project should be on time and not to exceed the budget. Therefore, slightly lower quality is acceptable though not desirable. The one should be enhanced Is cost. Because the remaining budget will be included In charitable donations, the organizer loud take advantage of every opportunity to reduce the cost.

Working Capital Strategies Paper and Power Point Presentation Essay

Working Capital Strategies Paper and Power Point Presentation - Essay Example this the core concentration of the company is now on improving its operations and to attain a better position in the industry by deploying suitable cash management strategies. This particular report will focus on the different asset-liability management strategies that the company has adapted so far. The report analyses the results of the year 2006, 2007 and 2008. It also makes an assessment about the future cash management strategies that the company can adapt. Â   The end of financial year 2006 showed a steady increase in the Net sales for the company. The increase was more than US $ 9 billion, when compared to the figures of the financial year 2005. (Annual report Home Depot, 2006).Side by side the company’s net asset also increased to US $ 52.3 billion from US $ 44.4 billion in this particular year. (Annual report Home Depot, 2006). This increase in current assets is mostly due to the acquisition of Hughes Supply in the supply segment. Also apart from this the company made another major acquisition in China, in its retail segments. Thus the supply chains were made stronger as well as there was a steady strategic decision, which increased the number of outlets in the developing market of China. Due to all these facts it can be concluded that though the net sales of the company increased by 11.4% but the Net earnings remained same to US $5.8 billion, when compared to the previous year. (Annual report Home Depot, 2006). In fact the net earning as a percentage of net sales showed a decreasing trend. The cause for this decline can be twofold. Firstly it may be due to the increase in fixed asset of the company that year (which incurred a huge amount of cost), and it may also be due to the lowering of demand of the household appliances. The later fact is also reflected in the company’s balance sheet where it shows that weighted average weekly sales per operating store as well as the retail comparable store, as a percentage of total sales have decreased to some

Introduction to sustainable development Research Paper

Introduction to sustainable development - Research Paper Example Generally, sustainable development is a situation where people use the necessary resources to obtain the immediate required needs but does not tolerate any factor that might interfere with the future of the others (Purvis and Alan 82). In short, sustainable development goal is to assist people worldwide attain satisfaction of their basic needs; improve their quality of lives without having to compromise the quality of the upcoming generations. This paper will seek to write a research paper on introduction to sustainable development. It is understandable, in present day; that it will be impossible achieve the â€Å"intergenerational† equity if activities undertaken by some people in some world parts continue to jeopardize the well-being of others living in different parts (Rogers, Jalal, and Boyd 41). Preferably, people should probably refer to â€Å"sustainable† development as balanced and equitable state of affairs (Ukaga and Chris 20). This is because, according to econometrics, for development to continue being sustainable indefinitely, it should be in a position to balance the interests of the many different groups of people, who are among and within similar generations, and attain so at the same time in three crucial interrelated areas. These areas include social, environmental, and economical (Jennifer 84). Therefore, sustainable development is all about equity. Equity in this case refers to comprehensiveness of goals and objectives as well as equality of opportunities of well-being (Dresner 78). Under these three categories, there are so many objectives that sustainable development should put into consideration. For instance, there is objective for full employment, security, equity, stability, efficiency, healthy human environment, conservation of both non-renewable and natural resources among others (United Nations 24). Obviously, it

The Message of the Torah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Message of the Torah - Essay Example Therefore, it is kept and dressed in Synagogue. The significance of Torah can be substantiated by the message conveyed in it, which is about blessing i.e. God will always bless human beings1; which contains an abysmal severity of magnitude and importance for the mankind, particularly the followers. The literal meaning of the term Torah is to teach. The book teaches Jewish people how to pray, eat, and live2. The message of the Torah is that God provides all that mankind needs and give commands to choose the way of life. â€Å"The Torah conveys the message that God has blessed the humanity by providing them the required guidance in the form of this scripture† â€Å"male and female created He them, and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created â€Å"3 The Torah delivers the message that God has blessed us by keeping us alive and sustained in this earthly environment. The message it conveys is about self-satisfaction. Everything that human beings need in order to be happy has been provided by God. No matter how many difficulties we face in our lives, the recitation of Torah will fill ourselves with happiness and satisfaction. This shows that Torah is the source of solace and a means to achieve contentment in this highly materialistic world of today. In the present times, when materialism has heightened to extreme extents, individuals have forgotten to find happiness in nature and to be thankful with what one has. Torah acts as a reminder which aids to achieve contentment and inner peace. â€Å"and He said: If thou wilt diligently hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, and wilt do that which is right in His eyes, and wilt give ear to His commandments, and keep all His statutes, I will put none of the diseases upon thee, which I have put upon the Egyptians; for I am the LORD that healeth thee†4 The central message is predominantly preoccupied with human actions. It further teaches individuals to follow the commands of God

Spanglish Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanglish - Term Paper Example This aspect of Spanglish is also properly discussed in the paper. Spanglish and its History Spanglish is one of the most common languages among the Hispanic Americans. It is nothing but a mixture of English and Spanish. According to Oxford English Dictionary, Spanglish can be described as â€Å"a type of Spanish contaminated by English words and forms of expression, spoken in Latin America† (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). The word ‘Spanglish’ was first used by Salvador Tio who was a Puerto Rican journalist. In 1952, Tio used this term in a newspaper article. Quite expectedly many consider him as the creator of this word. Some of the articles that were written by Tio in early days contained few Spanglish words which are humorous in nature. However, most of those words were not used later. As a result initially there was some confusion regarding legitimate examples of Spanglish. Apart from Tio there are experts like Nash and Fairclough who tried to gain insight into this language (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). At present, Spanglish is considered as one of common languages especially in the places like Los Angeles where a major section of the population is ‘Hispanic’. ... Some of the Spanglish sentences are found to be Spanish dominated whereas some are mostly English in nature. Over the last two decades, use of Spanglish has increased significantly with the increase in the number of people who are migrated from Latin American countries to United States. English has collided with Spanish on a regular basis in workplaces, retail stores and classrooms (Castro, Janice. & Cook, Dan. â€Å"Language: Spanglish Spoken Here†). Such collisions between two of the most respected languages in the world has developed the growth track of Spanglish. The unique language is found to be very popular among the young people in United States. According to, Ilan Stavans who is an expert of Latino culture, Spanglish is a â€Å"jazzy and a very creative way of being Latino in the U.S. today† (Thomas, Jeffrey. â€Å"Spanglish Offers Stepping-Stone to English†). Stavans is a self-declared promoter and admirer of Spanglish who has defined the language as â €Å"the verbal encounter between Hispano and Anglo civilizations† (Lipski, John M. â€Å"Is â€Å"Spanglish† the third language of the South?: truth and fantasy about U. S. Spanish†). Spanglish and Media Globalization In America people who speak in Spanglish are those who have enough knowledge of Spanish but follow American culture. They use clipped and shorter phrases rather than using longer and graceful expressions. Such style is found to be very much suitable in America where ‘time is money’ (Castro, Janice. & Cook, Dan. â€Å"Language: Spanglish Spoken Here†). Most importantly Spanglish speaking people in US are likely to have the spending power of almost 200 billion dollar. As a result, many companies are eager to make the best out of this huge market. It is found that

Compare and contrast Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the Essay - 1

Compare and contrast Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process - Essay Example By removing barriers to trade, globalization aims to make business people in developed countries able to maximize cheaper human and non-human resources in developing countries. As a result of globalization, the modern business society changes in such a way that it establishes new business conditions and challenges in exchange of the previous ones. In general, the presence of market failure could adversely affect the socio-economic well-being of each individual. To avoid going through the socio-economic consequences associated with market failure, professional economists are continuously searching for effective economic strategy that could minimize the risk of developing a market failure. Competitive process is an integral part of economics. In line with this, the act of stabilizing an unstable economic condition is possible through the use of micro- and macro-economic policies. In relation to the importance of analyzing competition in the market, this study will compare and contrast the Austrian and post-Keynesian theories of competitive process. Upon reflecting the current market competition as a result of globalization, the advantages and disadvantages of the Austrian and post-Keynesian theories of competitive process will be tackled in details as part of the study conclusion. Both the post-Keynesian and Austrian economics have some argument or complaints with regards to the economic ideas presented by the neoclassical economic theories (Kirzner, 1997; Boettke, 1994, p. 220). In line with this, the post-Keynesians theory of competitive process does not accept the idea of neoclassical’s general equilibrium. It means that general equilibrium is not possible due to the fact that the market changes constantly and is often uncertain because of a lot of internal and external business factors (Brothwell, 1992, p. 193). Similar to the stand of post-Keynesian with regards to the theory of equilibrium as proposed by the neoclassical theory particularly with

Critically Examine How Assessment and Learning Is Facilitated in Your Essay

Critically Examine How Assessment and Learning Is Facilitated in Your Work Community Setting - Essay Example This paper attempts to explore the role of mentorship in a clinical setting wherein learning and assessment is facilitated through a deeper understanding of the learning environment, the needs of the environment and the learner’s and the mentor’s qualifications, requirements in terms of planning the learning, tools and techniques, assessments, relationship between the mentor and mentee, lifecycle of the relationship and the challenges in the learning and development process for both the learner or mentee and the mentor. Definitions of what mentoring is all about, the learning setting, process, facilitation, assessment, outcomes, roles, etc. will help in understanding the above. What is mentoring? McKimm et al (2007) observe that defining the term ‘mentoring’ is a difficult task as it is a complex process and depends mostly on the learning environment and the interpretation of the environment’s needs by the various different individuals or groups. Quo ting Megginson and Clutterbuck (1995, p13) they note that â€Å"mentoring is ‘off line help by one person to another in making significant transitions in knowledge, work or thinking’† and that the role of a mentor is to help and guide the learner through a transition phase of the learner in a particular aspect like learning and other professional or personal circumstances. Also, mentoring is just one form of support (p1). â€Å"Mentoring is a transformational process that seeks to help individuals develop and use knowledge to improve themselves on an ongoing basis. It is a professional dialogue that encourages reflection and development, signposting mentees to other sources of help as required† (What is mentoring, 2012). General medical practice describes it as â€Å"‘a way of helping another understand more fully, and learn comprehensively from, their day to day experience† and a commissioned department of health describes it as a â€Å"proc ess whereby an experienced, highly regarded, empathic person (the mentor), guides another individual (the mentee) in the development and re-examination of their own ideas, learning, and personal and professional development† (What is mentoring, 2012). Palermo and McCall (2008, p801) note that mentoring is a form of providing experiential learning where the learning is actual and practical, and it is seen that the learning will be ineffective and unsafe if there is no mentoring offered during the course of the experiential learning. Mentoring and teaching There is a need to understand the difference between teaching and mentoring as it is essential to get the desired outcomes. McKimm and Jollie (2007) have differentiated between teaching and mentoring: while teaching is said to be a ‘teacher centred’ approach, mentoring is understood to be a ‘student centred’ approach where the learning needs of the learner are taken into consideration along with regul ar assessments of the same. Teaching itself is continually evolving to reflect on experience and critically explore the potential transformation of the learner. The basis for this evolution is the action research teaching need that recognizes that experiential learning leads to both the mentor and mentee contributing to the sustainability of the learning in the particular setting. To achieve sustainability through developing significant insights into the learning environment,

Children's Welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Children's Welfare - Essay Example On my part, I strongly believe that corporal punishment should only be given as a last resort. As long as there are other ways to correct the behavioral problems of a child, parents and guardians should not implement corporal punishment. We must understand that corporal punishment can lead to abuse and abuses suffered by young children often leave lasting imprints in their personalities. Is corporal punishment a form of child abuse? Technically, child abuse is different from corporal punishment and we should be very careful about equating the two together. All I am saying here is that corporal punishment has the potential of escalating into abuse. Note the abuse is a blatant disregard of the rights and feelings of the child which often involves injuries on the part of the child. Example of abuses on children is kicking, punching, burning and the likes. On the other hand, corporal punishment is geared towards letting the child experience pain without sustaining injury for purposes of controlling or correcting the wrong behaviors of the child (Larzelere, R. E., Klein, M., Schumm, W. R., & Alibrando, S. A., Jr. (1989). A popular example of corporal punishment is the traditional spanking. One of the leading arguments against the implementation of corporal punishment at home is that the act embodies a kind of aggression. When a parent becomes so angry that he or she exhibits aggressive behavior such as spanking, the child may misconstrue the action of the parent or guardian as a kind of norm. Note that young children learn by imitating their parents so there is a big possibility that when the child is repeatedly exposed to aggressive behaviors, he or she will also adopt such attitude (Parke & Slaby, 1983). What is really scary here is that the child may see aggression as a way to subdue or control the behavior of another person. For instance, when a parent spanks a child for not following orders and then do not explain the child later on why he or she

General Essay on Chinese Religions Essay Example for Free

General Essay on Chinese Religions Essay Early Chinese religion belongs to the mythical and prehistoric period. Tradition speaks of the origins of Chinese culture lying in the 3rd millennium BCE with the Hsia dynasty. As of yet no historical evidence has been found for such a dynasty; all references to it are mythical. It is only with the Shang dynasty, which is traditionally dated from 1766 to 1122 BCE, that we find evidence of a developing culture and religious practices. The religion of the Shang was principally characterised by the use of oracle bones for divination and the development of the cult of ancestors. It was believed that the cracks that resulted from burning ox bones or tortoise shells represented messages sent from the gods about a variety of matters such as illness, the weather or hunting. Belief in deities and the practice of the worship of ancestors has persisted in Chinese life, and has come to form the basis of what has broadly been termed popular religion. Popular religion in fact represents a mixture of early religion and elements of the three great religions: Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. At the heart of popular religion is the worship of deities and veneration of ancestors at shrines in the home or temples. There are many deities associated with this form of religion, but the best known are Shang Ti, the supreme ruler of heaven, and Kuan Yin, the goddess of mercy and protector of women and children. In the Chou dynasty a more structured form of religion developed. This is associated with the teaching of Kung-Fu Tzu (551-479 BCE), whose Latinised name is Confucius. Confucius sought to establish a socio-political ethical system, with theological beliefs concerned with human destiny and the conduct of human relationships in society, based on a belief in the goodness of human nature. He believed in a providential Heaven (Tien) and in prayer which encouraged him in his mission. He emphasised the five relationships namely, Father-Son; Ruler-Subject; Husband-Wife; eldest son to brothers; friend and friend to be expressed by li (correct ceremony) to bring he (harmony). Such relationships were rooted in family piety which came to give a prominent place to Ancestor Worship and to respect for deified men, which came to find expression in the Sacrifices of the State religion. The Confucian canon can be divided into two parts: the Five Classics and the Four Books. The Five Classics were handed down from earlier times and emphasised by Confucius. These are the Book of Odes; the Book of History; the Book of Rites; the Book of Divination; and the Spring and Autumn Annals. The Four Books consist of The Analects (Conversations of Confucius); the Doctrine of the Mean; The Great Learning; and the Book of Mencius. Out of the teachings of Confucius emerged various schools associated with a master. Notable was the work of Meng-Tzu (c. 371-c. 289 BCE) and Hsun-Tzu (300-230 BCE). Meng-Tzu and Hsun-Tzu formed rival schools whose doctrinal differences were based in a fundamentally different conception of human nature. Meng-Tzu taught that people were fundamentally good and that what made them bad was their environment. Consequently, Meng-Tzu emphasised the importance of education as a means for bringing out the innate goodness of people. By way of contrast, Hsun-Tzu had a more pessimistic view of human nature. Hsun-Tzu taught that people were inherently evil, and that they could only be taught to be good through training. He also was religiously sceptical, teaching that religious ritual had no purpose except to provide moral training. It was this negative attitude towards religion that was one of the main factors behind the subsequent rejection of the teachings of Hsun-Tzu by mainstream Confucianism and the establishment of Meng-Tzus teachings as orthodox. At the same time that Confucianism was developing, two rival schools were active in China: the Mohists and the Legalists. Mohism was founded by Mo Tzu (c. 470-390 BCE). Mo Tzu advocated universal love and opposed the elaborate and expensive rituals that defined Chinese religious life. This put him at odds with Confucianism in that Confucianism advocated particular love for ones parents as well as the importance of ritual for interpersonal relations. Although during the 4th century Mohism was strong enough to rival Confucianism, it went into decline in the 3rd century, and by the time of the unification of China in 221 had virtually disappeared. It is unclear why the tradition declined so quickly. Legalism is more of a political philosophy than a religion. The various strands of legalist doctrine were systematised by Han Fei Tzu (d. 233 BCE). Han Fei Tzu had been taught by Hsun Tzu and adopted his pessimistic attitude to human nature. Unlike Hsun Tzu, Han Fei Tzu did not believe that people could be reformed, advocating instead a strong, even ruthless, form of government that could control human behaviour. Legalist principles were put into effect by the Chin dynasty, which unified China in 221 BCE, and was subsequently overthrown in 207 BCE. The brief rule of the Chin had a devastating impact on Confucianism, whose scholars it persecuted and whose books it destroyed. Fortunately for the tradition, Confucianism received official acceptance of the Han dynasty and flourished during the Han period. Under the Han dynasty (206 BCE 220CE), the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE), and the Sung dynasty (960-1127CE) Confucian teaching was used for public examinations. In 631 CE the Confucian canon was made the sole subject for the examination of aspirants to official positions, so Confucianism came to be known as Ju-chiao, the Doctrine of the learned. During the Sung dynasty (960-1126 CE) Neo-Confucianism emerged as a distinct movement in response to Taoism and Buddhism. Two traditions of Neo-Confucian thought emerged: the School of Principle, represented by Chu Hsi (1130-1200), and the School of Mind, represented by Lu Chiu Yuan (1139-1193) and, later, Wang Yang Ming (1472-1529). Chu Hsi sought to provide a metaphysical explanation of the nature of reality as well as an ethic for human conduct. For Chu Hsi the basis of all reality was the Supreme Ultimate (Tai Chi). In order for people to live properly they had to purify their chi (vital energy) through taming their desires so that they could be united with the Supreme Ultimate. In reaction to Chu Hsis dualistic perception of reality Lu Chiu Yuan presented a monistic picture of the universe. He claimed that the universe and the mind are one. Therefore, through understanding ones own mind one could understand the nature of the cosmos. This was developed by Wang Yang-ming. Wang Yang-ming believed that individuals could perfect themselves through moral self-cultivation. This involved returning to an original mind whose principal quality was love (jen). Also of ancient origin is Taoism whose classic text, the Tao Te Ching, is attributed to a supposed contemporary of Confucius (551-479), Lao Tzu. This text has had many interpreters whose works have developed in various sects, some of which have been very influential. There are two streams of Taoism: Religious Taoism, which is represented by the many sects concerned with the quest for immortality, and Philosophical Taoism, which was concerned to explain the human condition. The major imported religion is Mahayana Buddhism which is believed to have entered China in the 1st century BCE. An important early Buddhist teacher was An Shih Kao who founded what came to be known as the Dhyana School, characterised by its emphasis on meditation. Another major early school was the Prajna school whose doctrines were based on the interpretation of the Perfection of Wisdom (Prajnaparamita). It was, however, between the 5th and 8th centuries that Buddhist schools flourished and developed in China. Schools that were active at this time were: San-Lun, Ching-tu, Tien-tai, Chan, Chu-she, Hua-yen, Lu, San-chieh, Fa-hsiang and Chen-yen. The great persecution of Buddhism in the middle of the 9th century led to its rapid decline, and by the time of the Sung dynasty only the Chan and Ching-tu schools remained significant. Incursions from the West began at an early date, mainly in regard to trade and commerce from Arabia and India, probably to Canton or Hangchow. Infiltration of a different kind took place under the Mongols (1260-1368), when the armies of Ghengis Khan spread westwards over countries occupied by the Muslims. The records of the Yuan dynasty indicate that many distinguished officials (both military and civil) were Muslims, bringing with them knowledge of Arabic science known to Kublai Khan and the use of catapults in siege warfare. In Ming times Arabic books on science came into the Imperial library. After the Mongol period, no great influx of Muslims took place, but they spread into most provinces of China, especially in the north-west and west (the provinces of Kansu, Szechwan and Yunnan) and in the north-east (in Manchuria and Hipei). They mainly live in their own communities in their mosques and schools. Their first mosque appears to have been built in Sian in 742. Another group attracted by commerce were the Jews who traded across Central Asia, during the Tang dynasty (618-907), whose communities have mainly been along the sea board in cities such as Shanghai and Canton. The earliest evidence we have of a Jewish community in China derives from a letter written in the 8th century by a Jewish merchant I China. By the 9th century there was a distinct Jewish community in Kaifung, its continued presence evidenced by the construction of a synagogue in the city in 1163. From the 15th century onwards the Jews became increasingly integrated into Chinese life to the extent that by the 19th century the community had all but lost its distinctive identity. As a result of the western colonialism of China in the 19th century and the establishment of new trading contacts with Europe Jews settled in some of the major cities of China. Christianity came to China first by the way of Nestorian Christians, after the arrival of A-Lo-Pen in 781 where it flourished for two centuries (by favour of the imperial court) until the reign of Wu Tsung who closed the monasteries and persecuted the church. It flourished again under Mongol rule in the 13th century, and in 1289 Kublai Khan established an office for the supervision of Christians. At about this time the Roman Catholic Church came to the Mongol empire, when a Franciscan monk came to the Khans court of Kharatorui in 1246. Shortly after that St Louis of France sent an embassy, followed by Marco Polo in 1275; a request from Kublai Khan for a hundred teachers did not, however, bear fruit apart from a small Franciscan mission led by John of Monterovino, who was appointed Archbishop in Cantilec in 1289, and under him three bishops were appointed. Then in the 16th century the Society of Jesus became very active in China inspired by the work of Francis Xavier who had preached in India and Japan. Matteo Ricci came to Canton in 1610 and then to Peking, where he founded a Christian community and gained prominence as an outstanding astronomer. From that time the Roman Catholic Church has continued despite periods of persecution. Protestant missions date from 1807 with W. Morrisons arrival in Canton for the London Missionary Society. Other missions soon followed with the Presbyterians in 1847, the Anglicans in 1849 and the Methodists in 1850. Also prominent have been the China Inland Mission, under Hudson Taylor an interdenominational missionary society. In the twentieth century house churches have been prominent, often associated with such evangelists as Watchman Key. These Protestant activists have contributed greatly to educational and medical developments as well as political and social influences from the West; these were often backed by military force and, therefore, deeply resented. Recent changes under Communist influence, led by Mao, have been profound, strengthening agnostic tendencies for many in the population. Traditional religious practices are still continued in many homes in China and among overseas Chinese. In recent times relaxation of restriction has given fresh opportunity for religious activity. Many Taoist and Buddhist temples, as well as mosques and churches, are being renovated and reopened. Greater openness to the West has been accompanied by renewed conversion to Christianity; the demise of communism has encouraged the rediscovery of traditional religious values. Taiwan has provided an important haven for traditional Chinese religions, as well as the establishment of new religions, since the Nationalist government established itself on the island in 1949. A number of syncretic movements such as San-I-Chiao (Three in One Religion), were suppressed in China following the Communist victory, but have found a haven in Taiwan. Other interesting traditions that have been transplanted to Taiwan are those which are collectively designated the Hsien Tien Tao (Way of Former Heaven sects). Five of the best known of these are the I-kuan Tao, the Tung shan She, the Tien-te Shang-chiao, the the Tao-yuan, and the Tzu-hui Tang. These are characterised by a belief in a creator deity (usually a cosmic Mother figure) from whom humanity has strayed. These sects also claim to transcend all other religions and, therefore, provide a way by which all these religions can be united. All but one (the Tzu-hui Tang) were founded in mailand China, later moving to Taiwan. The Tzu-hui Tang was itself founded in Taiwn in 1949. Also originating from the mainland are the spirit-writing cults. These are cults which derive religious beliefs and practices from a deity mediating through an entranced medium. The practice of spirit writing has been a part of Chinese life probably since the Tang dynasty (618-907). In the 19th century a spirit-writing movement developed in China and entered Taiwan in the same century. This continues to be part of the Taiwanese religious landscape to the present day. There are, of course, a number of recently emerged distinctively Taiwanese movements. Xuan Yuan Jiao (Religion of the Yellow Emperor) was founded in Taiwan in 1957. Xuan Yuan Jiao represents the attempt to recapture the spirit of pre-Han Chinese religion through incorporating Taoist, Confucianist and Mohist teachings and interpreting these as emanating from a tradition that derives from the Yellow Emperor. The religion is highly political in character since its purpose is to revive Chinas national spirit following the loss of the mainland to communism. Buddhism continues to flourish in Taiwan. Following the Communist victory in mainland China in 1949 a further wave of Buddhist monks arrived in Taiwan from the mainland. This has strengthened the presence of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism in the island and influenced the character of earlier traditions. Since 1950 the Buddhist Association of the Republic of China has been the focal point of Taiwanese Buddhism. This is responsible for ordination ceremonies for Buddhist monks, nuns and lay people. In more recent years Taiwanese Buddhism has adopted a more missionary approach both within Taiwan and abroad, particularly in North America. In the 1960s two important Buddhist organizations emerged: the Tzu Chi Compassion Relief Foundation and Fo Kuang Shan. The first of these was founded in 1966 by a self-ordained nun named Cheng-yen. This organization has sought to introduce a strong degree of social concern into Taiwanese Buddhism. Fo Kuang Shans origins can be dated to 1967 when when a Chinese monk, the Ven. Hsing-yun, opened a temple at Fo Kuang Shan in Southern Taiwan. Like the Tzu Chi Compassion Relief Foundation, Fo Kuang Shan emphasizes social action as a means to promote Buddhist values. More recently, Ling Jiao Shan in the north of Taiwan has become a centre of Buddhist activity. Founded by Master Hsin Tao, Ling Jiao Shan has acquired prominence within Taiwan and beyond on account of its establishment of a museum of world religions with branches in Taiwan and the United States.

Working With Family Essay Example for Free

Working With Family Essay traumatizing to the close family and friends and to a larger extent to the society. The close family members faces the worst blunt, they have to comfort and care for the affected person and share in the pain and agonizing moments. This paper shall be looking at how a woman’s breast cancer impacts on the normal functioning of a family, its impact on the family member and the need for support and counseling to both the woman and the family. Cancer refers to any malignant tumor that is as a result of an unusual and incontrollable dividing of the cells in the body. Breast cancer too is as a result of a tumor developing in a person’s breast. It starts as a lump in one breast ten further spreads to both breasts if not treated in time. There are three factors that can lead to a woman getting breast cancer, it can be genetical. A woman who comes from a family where there is prevalence in breast cancer, if for example her sisters, mother or aunts have had it, she has higher chances of developing cancer in later life (Colerman, 2000, p. 43). Age too is another factor and women develop breast cancer as they grow older starting from the early forties. Diet has also been identified as another lead factor. Women who don’t get enough exercises are at more risk as too those who have unhealthy habits like excessive smoking, drinking and consumption of high fat meals (James Fahner, 2007). My case study takes me to a small neighborhood in Maryland, U. S. A. ; here we will encounter a lady named Georgina, a wife and a mother of two boys and a girl. She is in her late forties and still struggling with breast cancer. She was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of thirty seven. This is the year that her life changed dramatically, it continues to change day in day out and has seen the removal of her left breast in a bid to arrest the spread of the disease. Amid tears, she says her condition was exacerbated by the fact that her lump was not detected early (Alberg A. J, 2000, p. 22). Early detection of breast cancer makes it easy to seek for easier and effective treatment. Statistics are in favor of early detection, modern technology can enable more than 90% of those diagnosed early to be cured (Family doctor. org; 2005, p.117).Despite her being highly educated, she was very ignorant of the disease and was unconcerned with the lumps developing in her left breast. She only sought expert assistance when the cancerous growth had already spread too far. She has all along attributed the lumps in her breasts to having been emanating from hormonal changes and age. She is paying dearly for that. Cancer diagnosis or any diagnosis associated with terminal illness is a s cary affair. Equally disturbing is the thought of how your loved ones will cope with the sad news. Georgina’s husband is a public relations manger with a local bank; she herself works with an advertising firm in the same locality. Her three kids have yet not gone beyond 10th grade and might be too young to understand her situation. She could not too understand how she came to be diagnosed with cancer at a young age of 33 despite the statistics predicting the occurrences to be more prevalent in post menopausal periods (Colditz GA et al, 1995, p. 52). The rest of the family lives in Europe where they tend to the family business. Although they have been there to help her cope with the trying moments, the distance apart has not helped much and she has to rely with her husband and close friends for physical and emotional support. How families cope with breast cancer cases is one of the most explored topics. Different people react in varied manner after learning that the close friend or partner has been diagnosed with breast cancer (Heiney et al, 2001, p. 134). Women with breast cancer should be cared for and comforted by their families as they go through the hallowing process in search of cure. While it is important for family members and friends to be there for her and encourage her to think positively, intimate partners are shouldered with the duty to reassure the woman of their unconditional love and commitment (Invision, 2007). Breast cancer is physically, mentally and emotionally devastating to all those involved especially to the close family members. If not handled with care, it might lead to a feeling of dissatisfaction and even a major break up in a family, more so between the affected partners.

Agritourism And Rural Development Economics Essay

Agritourism And Rural Development Economics Essay There are several evidences for agritourisms contribution for rural development from various countries. Not only in developed countries, researches in developing countries have also discovered many findings regarding this phenomenon as agritourism has the ability to open up alternative income sources for the farmers as well as for the surrounding community. As it is a people-oriented industry, agritourism can offer many jobs which can help to revive rural economies. Agritourism has different ways and means of assisting rural development and has ability to influence the economic, socio-cultural and environmental enhancement of some societies. 3.3.1 Agritourism and rural development in developed countries There are many significant studies in developed countries related to agritourism and rural development. As per the study of Haghiri and Okech (2011) on role of the agritourism management in developing the economy of rural areas in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in rural development, agritourism acts as a solution for the problem of poverty by giving economic opportunities for the farmers. They have mentioned that the promotion of tourism and agritourism activities is one way to help develop the economy of rural areas in the province that is facing a series of challenges, such as small internal markets; shifting socio-demographics; lack of sufficient investments; the high rate of out-migration; diseconomies of scale; and the underdeveloped economic infrastructure for the time being. Further, they have identified three alternatives as starting the production of new products; organic fruits and vegetables, specialized livestock products like sheep, goats, fur, emu, r abbits, etc., farm-based food products, such as bread, jams and jellies, and handmade crafts and enhancing the existing tourism products and also developing new markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, other provinces of Canada, and international countries. In Bahamas, agritourism use forward linkages with agriculture and tourism by direct selling of agricultural products and services to the visitors and also backward linkages such as indirect approach using an intermediary to provide products to the tourism sector. These activities improve the income of farmers and finally helping for the rural development (Hepburn, 2008). Schmitt (2010) has done a study on the farming womens agency, coping strategies, visions and wishes against the dynamic changes of the agricultural sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an important permanent livelihood strategy for some farming families, it remains an additional income for others. Either way, it has turned out to be a source of womens growing self-confidence as well as a sustainable ingredient of regional development. (Refer Mortan 2006 See End note) Agritourism in Italy has been able to conduct broad and innovative product range, sophisticated Marketing systems and most importantly, extensive government supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear objective in mind: To halt rural out-migration by keeping farmers on the land (Porcaro, 2009). As per Choo, (2012) agritourism can give farmers an opportunity to generate additional income and to be an avenue for direct marketing of the farm products to consumers. It can also help counteract social and economic problems of the farms and local residents (loss of income, increased expenses, globalization, and others (associated with the decline of traditional agriculture industries). While the financial advantages with respect to employment and wages are clear, agritourism development can also enhance the local quality of life. It can serve as an important source of tax revenues, which may lead to higher public services and lower local tax rates. Agritourism can also support conservation of local culture and traditions, helping to maintain the viability of small-scale agriculture (Choo, 2012). In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly supported as one of the rural development strategies. A number of agritourism enterprises are developing at local level with volunteer initiatives using the desires of local people and local administrations that want to benefit from the facilities of agritourism in Turkey. For example in, Karaburun and Ankara Villages, agritourism services such as accommodation, tasting and buying local foods by the urban people and administration to find extra income for them (Topcu-2007). Also, the BuÄÅ ¸day Associations Ecological Farm Holidays project (Ta-Tu-Ta Project) in Turkey is a cooperative project conducted by volunteer farmers and non-governmental organization targeting to encourage ecological lifestyle. This project stated that farmers benefit from agritourism by producing and selling of organic products to the visitors. Agritourism aids rural economic development by providing alternative use of farmland, increasing revenue of on-farm activities, improving business sustainability, and bringing economic revenue to rural areas both on-site and near the operation. Agritourism also has the potential for informal agricultural education between the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agriculture (Jolly and Reynolds, 2005). A study of Nasers, (2009) in Iowa UAS found that the promotion of agritourism provides a beneficial relationship for local food systems as it helps to enhance the appeal of local foods. In order to challenge and rearrange the modern agri-food system, Local food has become the social movements unifying theme. In contrast, the local food paradigm highlights the importance of food quality and freshness, environmental protection, an individual connection to family and small scale farms, economic multiplier effects which occur when making local purchases and community self-reliance (Ostrom, 2006, p. 66). The demand for fresh produce continues to grow, offering producers the opportunity to increase their profits through direct marketing. Direct marketing provides a link between consumers seeking high-quality produce and producers who are seeking an opportunity to compete in the produce industry (Kuches et al.). In addition to linking the consumer to the producer, direct marketing allows th e producer to bypass the traditional distribution network and earn a greater share of profits (Kuches et al.). As a form of direct marketing, agritourism creates opportunities for the producer to link with their consumer and directly market their products. Moreover, Agritourism is increasing rural vitality and stimulating new economic opportunities through the diversification of farm operations and increased revenue on-site and near the operations in Iowa (Norby and Retallick, 2012). Twe (2010) have reported that agritourism is increasingly being adopted in the United States as it gives a myriad of economic and intrinsic benefits to farmers, visitors and communities, keeps family farms in business and preserving American agricultural heritage, maximizing the productivity of farmland resources through their recreational use, and even improve the economic situation of local communities. Also agritourism is suggested to increase farm revenues and serve other farmer goals (Ollenburg and Buckley, 2007; McGehee and Kim, 2004; Nickerson et al., 2001). Farms that diversify into agritourism are likely to utilize existing resources or other low-input options (Fisher, 2006). Additional economic support for the farm business is especially important in the current time due to increased land values and agricultural input costs (Salamon, 2003; Busby and Rendle, 1999; Ilbery, 1991). Agritourism generally activates as a small family enterprises, so its both socially and economically profitable. Also Agritourism assists to mitigate emigration from remote areas and generate profit by diversifying economy. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural areas adds quality to their life (Monica Iorio and Andrea Corsale, 2010). According to Gale, (2006) rural tourism enterprises provide novel sources of income for families living in remote areas. 2002, Sharpley (2002) has said that agritourism can offer job opportunities for rural people in local crafts and wine making sectors to provide additional income. Agritourism helps repopulation of rural areas, improvement of the public services, revitalization of local crafts and to increase opportunities for social contacts and exchange. Developing and organizing agritourism requires a significant investment though potential investment is less. (Sharpley, 2002). Agritourism positive educational force stimulates a thirst for knowledge of the outside world, encouraging entrepreneurial activity, providing extra income, generating new forms of employment, creating new patterns of travel or setting up potentially negative demonstration effects, modifying culture and major economic leakages through transnational involvement (Hall, 1998). A study of Beglaryan, (2011) on Development of Agro tourism in Armenia, agritourism provides the opportunity to increase the potential for  higher  margin,  on-farm  sales  and value  added  products  and  services.   Because most Armenian farms are operated by small landowners, there is great o pportunity for customization and uniqueness in agritourism attractions. Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritourism can contribute for the agriculture rural development in several ways (Wicks and Marret 2003; Bruch, 2008). However, to fulfill this condition, several other requirements and conditions are crucial. For example, Danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attention on barriers and structural shortcomings exist before focusing towards the potentials of development of farms which are in need of diversifying the business, and their economic support possibilities. Most importantly, the advices from the consultancy structures of the agricultural associations and from regional and national tourism development bodies and possible networks for green/farm/rural tourism operators are needed in order to gain the full potential of Denmarks rural tourism. (Nielsen,Aae Nissen and Just, 2010). With most agricultural producers in Miami-Dade County experiencing increased pressure by developers to sell their lands, rising operating costs, and stagnant or declining profit margins for most of the major agricultural commodities, agritourism is a possible way to assist with preserving agriculture and open space and contributing to the longer- term economic variability of farm operations. Moreover, while the benefits of agritourism are vital to the individual producers, the benefits go much further with multiplier effects can have major impacts on the local economy (Evans and Hodges, 2006). The literature review indicates that agritourism can provide farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as: Generating secondary income for farm operators Preserving the visual and cultural rural landscape (Williams and Shaw, 1996; Luloff et al., 1 995; Turner and Davis, 1993); Reducing out migration by providing jobs (Friesen; 1995; Ryan, 1995; Turner and Davis, 1993; Demoi, 1983).; Bringing a transfer of ideas from urban to rural areas (Oppermann, 1996); Providing urban people with an experience of rural living (Lowry, 1996; Reid et al., 1993); Diversifying the rural economy (Lowry, 1996; Ryan, 1995; Maude and van Rest, 1985); Creating eventual market contacts with urban centers (Agricultural Land Commission, 1997; Bowen et al., 1991 ; Demoi, 1983); Making provisions for certain infrastructure (Bowen et al., 1991); and Enhancing the rural identity of communities and emphasizing the importance of agriculture in local areas (Luloff et al., 1995; Ryan, 1995). Therefo re, it is significant that most of the evidences are from developed countries and only a few are from developing countries. Agritourism is accepted by various countries in the world as a rural policy to create rural viability. Agritourism is one of the most diversifying tourism types and the entrepreneurship is highly in need of its success since it plays a major role there. This diversification has converted the agritourism into a strong sector in its rights from being an auxiliary commercial activity (Busby and Rendle 2000; Clarke J. 1998). 3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing countries When agritourism studies of Asia is concerned, only a few can be identified. For example, Utama (2007) has studied on economic, social and environmental benefits the local community enjoys from agritourism and the demand for this industry among tourists in Bali, Indonesia. The aim of the study was to formulate the best strategies to innovate and build up agritourism on Bali. Based on the study, he has found that increase in income of agritourism farmers and job opportunities for local residents, creating networks to strengthen regional or local structures, multiplier effects for small-scale direct investments, diversity increment of economic activities, stimulating physical infrastructure development, increasing the awareness of the importance and value of an area, such as its nature and culture, landscape and the economic potencies and also developing the infrastructure in order to bring about opportunities for other economic development activities. Furthermore, creation of working fields for the local communities through generating related tourism businesses, enhancing the values of the village that contributes for the forms of agricultural product improvements, stimulation of development of other related tourism enterprises such as restaurants, accommodations and handicraft shops, uplifting the social statuses of the local communities in order to reduce poverty, decrease unemployment and also to diminish urbanization though environmental conservation are sustainable tourism development indicators that contributed towards the development of agritourism in Bali. Increasing the arrival of tourists and creating economic incomes are some other contributions that play the key roles of agritourism in applying the sustainable tourism development in Bali. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed lots to the improvement of economy lives of the local communities in the forms of agricultural products sales, various of hand-made souvenirs or handicrafts sold for the tourists, chances to establish food stalls or restaurants and certain types of accommodation such as home-stay, bungalow, villa, and hotel, as well as village development. With respect to economy improvement, the stakeholders predominantly agree that increasing agricultural products are the most contribution generated from agritourism development with mean of 3.97. Moreover, agritourism has contributed toward improvement of social situation. There are three indicators which empower the potency of agritourism development such as poverty alleviation, decreasing the number of unemployment, and declining the urban. The stakeholders mostly agree that the Agritourism enables to alleviate poverties and decrease the unemployment since it provides work opportunities which can help to i mprove the quality of the villagers lives. Not only that, Agritourism has highly played a role in applying sustainable tourism development in Bali. Stakeholders predominantly have agreed that the agritourism development contributes toward nature conservation as one of the important goals of sustainable tourism (sustaining nature, social life, and culture, as well as generating income for the local societies) (Utama, 2007).   In Malaysia, according to the study of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, (2011) on Agritourism: Potential opportunities for farmers and local communities, agritourism has made a vital economic contribution to rural areas and communities though providing local residents with additional sources of income, diversifying the economy and lending prestige to rural life. It enables many to experience a novel form of travel and leisure, to gain new awareness and a positive attitude towards other worlds, towards the environment and towards local people and their culture. According to Said et al (2012) at Kampung Semarang village in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to enhance the agricultural value of the farms and livestock. It is also to promote the village as a new agri-based tourism destination, which would boost the standard of living amongst the farmers and villagers contributing for the local development. Also, Hamzah et.al., (2012) in their study on socio-economic impact potential of agritouris m activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community living in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potential of rising the consciousness of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is helping to enhance the social empowerment, strengthen the community, diversify and intensify economic activities, provide job opportunities and alleviate poverty in that community. Agritourism has arisen as an important rural development strategy in Korea. The rural development program named rural theme village in is mainly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon (2006) have studied on this program and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernization procedure of the national economy. And also, it has given insights to both farmers and policymakers to adopt a broader perspective than hither to agricultural product oriented attitude of rural development. In Thailand, Srisomyong (2010) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and tried to utilize all their resources to be fully of benefit from the growth of tourism. Some activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A main opportunity for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could also suggest that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Revenue generated from them tends to be in a community, thus there has a small leakage of income. A study in the state of Haryana (India) has discovered that agritourism help to get employment opportunities, put hoarding on roadsides, sustainability for agriculture proper, various sources of income, help farmers to enhance their knowledge. As it is a new enterprise with less competition it is business activity as compared to traditional farming less land with low productivity can give more returns maintain natural resources as nutrient mining is less and soil conservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution problems to environment, improve health and it protects local heritage and culture (Shehrawat, 2009). Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, (2012) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an innovative form of rural tourism, in the context of rural market as it can positively influence regional development through generating large scale employment and additional income sources to the skilled and unskilled. Developing tourism in rural areas increases participation of the poor and brings wider benefits for the whole community. Also, it is a sustainable revenue generating product for rural market via inflowing resources from urban to the rural economy. It can prevent migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialized form of rural tourism in rural market. According to Murangwa (2010) in India, agritourism is recognized as an essential part in the process of sustaining the economies. Agritourism is a key element of social and environmental responsibility of rural tourism which leads to rural diversification of economy in terms of development of infrastructure such as tourism facilities like restaurants and accommodation, water, electricity, roads, telecommunication and health centers as well as creating occupations in order to increase income of the local community As all these informations are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an important role in tourism sector and it has able to contribute for rural development in significant level in many contexts. The developing countries should therefore consider agritourism as emerging form of tourism that would undoubtedly lead to rural development as well as complementing other forms of tourism existing in their countries (Murangwa, 2010). Furthermore, in literature review, it was noted that agritourism is in a position to give better results under the favorable conditions especially where appropriate policies and programs are available. Therefore, suitable strategic plans are essential to minimize the negative impacts and optimize the positive impacts and to reach sustainable development in future. 3. 4. Chapter Summary Rural development is one of the main targets of many countries. Agriculture had been played a significant role in the rural development in the past. However, due to several reasons such as open economic policies and globalization and liberalization of agricultural trade, now agriculture sector of several countries have gone down. Moreover, lots of other problems like high cost of production, low productivity, lack of modern technology, marketing problems are also in the sector. Owing to this situation for a certain period of time, rural development was expected through modernization approach paying emphasis on rural industries. By now, it has failed and a latest rural development is again pay attention highly on agricultural development in a sustainable way. In this background, the main challenges are to find ways and means of save the agriculture sector and get the contribution of it for the rural development as agriculture is the main resource available in rural areas. Many studies have identified agritourism as an important alternative in this regard due to its special characters to rejuiniail the agriculture sector and the rural development. Therefore, research on agritourism and rural development will be important for Sri Lanka as it is an agricultural country.

islam :: essays research papers

The Founder   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muhammad was born in Mecca, Arabia, in AD 570. His father died before he was born and his mother died when he was only a child. He was first raised by his grandfather and later by his uncle Abu Talib. He lived with a desert tribe for a while and learned how to shepherd the flocks. At age 25, he began to serve a wealthy widow aged 40 by the name Khadija. They got married and had two sons and four daughters. The two sons died early. One of his daughters married his uncle Abu Talib’s son Ali.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arabia at that time was under bloody civil wars, political corruptions, and oppression of the poor. Muhammad felt the cal of Allah to preach against the present system. He began preaching in AD 610 but faced resistance from his own people. They threatened to kill him. In AD 622, he moved north to Medina. He soon gained some followers. Those accepted Muhammad as the messenger of God were called Muslims which means â€Å"one who submits† to God. In AD 630 Muhammad and his followers came back to Mecca and took control of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, the cities of Mecca and Medina are significant in the Islam religion. The year 622 which Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina is also significant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muhammad died in AD 632. His elected successor, Abu Bakr, declared the jihad or holy war from Medina and Mecca to win the world from Spain to India. When they reached Europe, they were defeated by Charles Martel’s troops at the Battle of Pointiers or known as the Battle of Tours in 732. Faced with opposition in Europe, they turned eastward to Central Asia, India, and Indonesia. Today, Islam is the major religion in the Middle East, North Africa, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Indonesia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Muslims respect and honor Muhammad, they do not worship him. He is considered to be one of the prophets or messengers of God along with Moses, Abraham, and Jesus. The Teachings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Islamic book is called the Koran which means the â€Å"recitation.† Parts of the Koran resembles the Bible especially, the Apocrypha and the Talmud. The book has many stories of the Old Testament prophets and Jesus whom was called the â€Å"Word of God.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many tenets in Islam are identical to those of Christianity. The Koran teaches the absolute unity of the power of God. It teaches that God is merciful and just.

The School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Essay example -- anaphylaxis

Imagine eating in the cafeteria and suddenly becoming short of breath as your throat starts to close up. There are 6 million children living in the world who are at high risk of experiencing this condition (Cianferoni, 2012). This condition is called anaphylaxis caused from an allergen. This can turn into a life-threatening situation. School systems need grants to provide adequate care to these students that experience anaphylaxis to prevent from lethal occurrences. The School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Act is the answer to decrease the risk of these situations. The bill authorizes the Congress to give funding to the schools if they meet the following requirements: maintain an emergency supply of epinephrine, permit trained personnel of the school to administer epinephrine, and develop a plan for ensuring trained personnel are available to administer epinephrine during all hours of the school day (H.R. 2094, 2013). This bill can affect the overall healthcare system by providing a safe environment in the schools for children and providing peace of mind for the families of children with allergies. Anaphylaxis is an allergic reaction that occurs suddenly and without warning. It is severe and can be deadly if not treated immediately. During anaphylaxis, the airways tighten and cause difficulty breathing, swallowing, wheezing, loss of consciousness and sometimes hives. Anaphylaxis can occur not only from food allergies, but also medications and insect bites (Kim & Fischer, 2011). In children, food allergies are the most common source of anaphylaxis (Kim & Fisher, 2011). Anaphylaxis is treated with a medication called Epinephrine. In Massachusetts, the department of health found that a fourth of the students who needed Epinephrin... ...reasonably believed to be having an anaphylactic reaction; and has in place a plan for having on the premises of the school during all operating hours of the school one or more individuals who are trained personnel of the school (H.R. 2094, 2013). This act is extremely important in the healthcare of the society. Without adequate funds and access to non-patient specific epinephrine during these situations could result in insecurity and possibly death in the school system. The School Access to Emergency Epinephrine will provide families assurance that their children will be safe and protected and if the situation occurs, that they would be treated promptly and effectively. Not only will this act provide peace of mind for families and children, but also allow the society as a whole to trust the legislative system to provide for their healthcare needs when they arise.

The Chemistry of Natural Waters Essay -- Science Papers

Defined in Chemtrek as â€Å"The presence of the dissolved divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+. . . (which) gives natural waters chemical properties†, hard water has always been a curse to both animals and man 1 . It promotes scale, the buildup of magnesium and calcium to the point where a rock-like substance forms in household and industrial pipes, disrupts natural habitats and reproductive cycles of fresh water fish, and causes many health-related problems in humans 2 . To avoid such problems, it is important to understand ways that commercial businesses and homeowners can test for hard water. This experiment examines two possible methods of testing water hardness. They include: AA spectroscopy, which measures a water sample's absorption of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and EDTA titration, which uses a titration's end-point to determine the concentration of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ present in a water source 1 . It is also important to learn about water softening, a process that removes calc ium and magnesium from water sources 3 . For this experiment, I explored water softening techniques such as divalent cation removal ion exchange and water softening with a commercial water-conditioning agent 4 . My group decided to test AA spectroscopy, EDTA titration, and water softening techniques on four natural water samples from Little Chickies Creek in Mount Joy,PA; Allegheny River in Warren, PA; Stone Valley Lake in State College, PA; and a pond on Orr Avenue in Apollo, PA because it is imperative to know about the quality of Pennsylvania's waterways. My hypothesis stated that the water from Little Chickies Creek would be the hardest because it is located by several limestone quarries, which deposit calcium and magnesium into creeks and streams 5 ... ... Prentice Hall, 2003. 5 McClintok , Michael. â€Å"A Hard Look at Soft Water.† The Washington Post 28 August 2003 : H.02. 6 â€Å"Threats to Western Pennsylvania Waterways.† Creek Connections . 13 October 2003 . 7 Van der Leeden , Frits; Troise , Fred L.; Todd, David K. The Water Encyclopedia . 2nd ed . New York : Lewis Publishers, 1990. 8 Krogman, Nick. Chemistry 14- AA Spectroscopy Calibration Data Charts. 9 Anderson , Troy . Chemistry 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 54-59. 10 Angiulli , Alayna . Chemistry 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 41-45. 11 Toms, Jarrett. Chemistry 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 49-54. 12 Robb, Gordon A. and James D.F. Robinson . â€Å"Acid Drainage from Mines.† The Geographical Journal March 1995: 47.

Pride Before the Fall Essay

It was once said by Abraham Lincoln, â€Å"Nearly all men can stand, but if you want to test a man’s character give him power. This quote helped me agree with John Acton Quote, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. Based on the fact that there is countless amounts of stories of people corrupting, from school principals to political leaders, power will corrupt. For my first example of corruption from power, is the story of a Middle School Principal. This Middle School principal was accused and found guilty to embezzling from her very own school. She was found embezzling over ten thousand dollars in things from dinner bills to electronics. This principal is for me a prime example of power corrupting because just cause she was in power she decided to take from what she was in charge of whether it was moral or not because she was in charge of the school and was only sentenced to four years in prison plus four years parole. Following was the example, which I thought was the most hypercritical, of ten Atlanta police officers. These ten police officers were being accused of corruption based on the fact that they were soliciting drugs. I thought thus to be major corruption because they only took the drugs because they were in uniforms and had supposed authority which they used for their own pleasure and benefits instead of what they were originally hired for which is the serve and protect. Finally was the example which came to me the quickest of a French man. This Frenchmans name was Maximillen de Robespierre most commonly known for being a major leader in the French revolution. Maximillen Robespierre was followed for his leadership skills but was once almost instantly corrupt when in power. What many people don’t know is that Robespierre was a reigning terrorist he used his power and his guillotine which he used in a combination to behead anyone who opposed him or his thoughts publically just to remain in power as long as he was able to.

Dissertation: Employment and Workplace Design

Impact of piece of incline Design Institute of Hotel concern Auranga lament commensurate The Impact of oeuvre Design A consider of the Employee on the Job exercise in Taj Palace, Delhi Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Submitted in fulfillment of the demand of B. A (Hons) in Hotel Management University Of Huddersfeild linked Kingdom March 2013 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) summon 1 Impact of spurt ship Design Declaration I asseve hurtle that this Dissertation is the result of my receive unmarried efforts and that it confirms to university, partal and course regulations regarding cheating and plagiarism.No signifi covering fire endt contained deep down this Dissertation has been utilize in any opposite submission, by the author, for an schoolman award. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Third Year Hotel Management flesh Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad Date 19. 3. 2013 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) paginate 2 Impact of oeuvre Design Ac receiveledgement E truly(prenominal)(prenominal) p aid endeavor requires the big(a) crap of galore(postnominal) worthy consciousnesss and this figure amodal value is no distinguish subject. I would begin by conveying my Dissertation manoeuver Mr. Ananad Iyengar, his patience and brook, were instru mental in accomplishing this de endowe.I thank my year tutor Mr. Rakesh Katyayani and my address coordinator Mr. Saurabh Krishna for their dreaded brass sectional skills that kept me center on my force taboo. legion(predicate) of the arguments and features menti adeptd in this roleplay were sourced from books, journals, newspapers and websites. though I invite tried to discern most of the sources to the vanquish of my abilities, thither were sealed sources whose ensconces were non purchasable devising it absolutely impractical and elusive to t discover ensembleow for accurate acknowledgement.Regard little of the source I would standardized to show my gratitude to these anonymous builds as they whitetho rn fork come out contri blamelesslyed slap-uply towards my endeavor. fin wholly in al unrivaledy b atomic tote up 18ly non the least I would standardised to thank my college Institute of Hotel ManagementAurangabad for providing the directed guidance and resources and I would in wish substantially up manner equal to ex be given a vote of give thanks to the Summons online library of the University of Hudders heavens. This playact would become been incomplete without their academic swear. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) varlet 3 Impact of employment Design Table of Contents 1. groundpiece of pass away 1. interrogation Questions 1. 2 Subsidiary Questions 1. 3 Aim of the case 1. 4 decide of the contract 1. 5 Limitation of the account 1. 6 Dissertation grammatical construction 6-8 8 8 8 9 9 9-10 2. Literature Review 2. 1 penetration 2. 2 bio applied science 2. 3 blend in indigence 2. 4 Supervisory brave out 2. 5 blueprint the new personify of hold out myst ify 2. 6 Flexibility at news report 2. 7 wellness genes and healthfulness computer political programmes touching on the air fashion 2. 8 The fix of engineering on, on the point of intersection line style 2. 9 purlieual concerns regarding discipline goal 2. 10 Managing under coiffeance 2. 11The bulk baffling 1 11-12 13-14 15 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 21-22 21-22 22-23 23 3. attend to for Methodology 3. 1Approach 3. 2 question Question 3. 3 Research programme 24 24 24 24 4. Results and discussion 4. 1 oppugn 4. 1. 1Mr, Avijit Sen, G. M. , Vesta Hotels, Jaipur 4. 1. 2 Mr. Akesh Bhatnagar, G. M. , Golkonda Hotel, Hyderabad 4. 2 Structured Questionnaire epitome 25 25 25-27 28-30 30-40 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 4 Impact of make water Design 5. Conclusion and recommendation 5. 1 Summary 5. 2 Major Findings 5. 3 Scope for early search 41 41 42 42 6. References 43 LIST OF TABLES skeletal frame 1 ATTRIBUTES miscellany EMPLOYEES.. 31 FIGURE 2 ATTRIBUTES bear on priapic EMPLOYEES .. 32 FIGURE 3 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING feminine EMPLOYEES 33 FIGURE 4 COMPARITIVE place OF ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEE 34 FIGURE 5 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES sr. 18-25 . 35 FIGURE 6 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 26-35 . 6 FIGURE 7 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 36-45 . 37 FIGURE 8 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 46-55 . 38 FIGURE 9 COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING ALL AGES . 39 Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 5 Impact of oeuvre Design Chapter 1 ein truth last(predicate) take is run intod s deliver. It grows and spreads, and sows it egotism anew surmiseing Thomas Carlyle Abstract piece of gain endeavor in the cordial reception sector has become a rattling steadyingtful phenomenon quite a little do non merely wish to collar a luxurious front of the theater b arly similarly an amazing vertebral column side. employment does non exactly imply to outside and architectural get, it besides in its folds c eitherplaces the motifs want indigence, health, superintendentvisory programy hold out, purlieual concerns, adopting and information etc. This project do its with apprehension ripe employment founding as a pecker for improving on the argument operation of an employee. The tec plans to conduct a research on about(a) of the employees operative in the forage and beverage division of Taj palace Delhi to fancy which attri yete of employment affects them the most and till what extent.The project oerly involves getup merged interviews with concernals at eminent blueprintation in the assiduity and what is their disengage on the brilliance of motion milieu as an over entirely transmute discharger. The tar dismay is to completely sympathize psychoanalyse cast and how innovations in the kindred fag end settle it correct in the aheadcoming. 1. access In the ever-ever-changing world of at once w present lavishness and fashion make up for octety to ninety percent of emotional sate in an hotshot-on- wizard, plenty look for fashionable and comfortable travel places as well.The investigator aims to depicted object oeuvre attri thates in the cordial reception persistence and its affect on, on the p arntage doings of the employees The researcher opus running(a) go away adopt contingency orientation, he retract behind aim to gain that make-upal conduct/on the crinkle behavior is complex and is driven by a lot of elements. No dickens employees ar a same(p) and diametrical situations means contrasting to each and ein truth individual. Managers on that pointfore moldiness learn to adopt employment policies that resultant piece non however the grievances of few besides give ups resultant roles for the problems of the frequently. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 6 Impact of oeuvre Design The researcher aims to follow a trinity point rise opus achieving objectives for the apt(p) topic. ? Identifying the ca go fors of current doings d champion a questionnaire abstract on rifle and its attri to a greater extentoveres ? ? Sidelining strategies that would garter mitigate current causes of insularism checking the extend to of change implemented for the genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) Managing study and workforce in the xx starting line century is yet just to the highest degree embracing a change. In some ways the romp of the employment is to perform the same functions as it performed earlier which is to command, spark and influence employees.Current scenario is that, the employments lookout from the employee is the same but the employees foretaste from the oeuvre has changed drastically. The complex variety of favorable, personalised, surroundal, unskilled and technological changes that withdraw interpreted place recently makes the t train of managing workforce and innovation study as yet to a greater extent contest. s ome unmatched rightly quoted Managing on the assembly line doings to xx- quaternary mos is exchangeable pushing water uphill using a run out (Anonymous, n. d. ). Time is short and s agrees ar mettlesome. Corporate atomic amount 18 running a race to achieve perfect cypher value amidst their opposition.Companies that manage their workforce well get higher re gets on fertileness. ulterior on all, a lot depends on the arrest of a come with. Recently umpteen companies throw away pointed their attention towards IT they feel technology gives them an added advantage since it evolves rapidly. Managers impede that technology asshole only seldom provide an organization with a war-ridden advantage but in the end, it is the flock that matter. Research has in wish manner shown that enthronization in IT histrions pays greater dividends than investment in hardw atomic number 18 or softw ar.When employees bar they ar not loss their occupancys, they argon leaving their piece of work. wherefore a great piece of work atmosphere make outs a interrupt on the trading motion in that respectby creating a cadre of the finest nut-bearing workers. Products nookie easily be aped but not the piece of work on which the productiveness and behavior of the gentle resource depend so an organizations greatest competitive advantage is its own oeuvre and the behavior of its Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 7 Impact of body of work Design employees in the work.Implementing methods for the improvement of a oeuvre should be the initial and archetypal of all decision of any beau monde. This is why companies wish CISCO, Harley Davidson and Merek be antithetic they invest in man precedent to a greater extent than any separate holding. They generalise the impressiveness of work and body of work systems alike. One must(prenominal) know that implementing a straightforward management strategy is simplified but what very counts is what the ma nagement does in difficult quantifys when on the stock doings is not good and in that respect atomic number 18 high judge of employee attrition and abseintism. . 1 Research Question ? Is On the Job Behaviour influenced by work traffic pattern? 1. 2 Subsidiary Questions ? ? Would a crack on the rent out mathematical process affect organizational productivity? why arrest no strong laws in work design been implemented in the past twenty years? ? depart occurrenceors like goal setting, performance feedback, role congruity, defined processes, workplace incentive, supervisor support etc influence On the job behavior of an employee? ? Have there been improvement trends in workplace design? 1. Aim of the study The aim is to analyze the effect of the Workplace attributes on the employees On the job behavior by performing a structured research in the regimen and drinking part of Taj Palace Delhi. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 8 Impact of Workplace Design 1. 4 Purpose of the s tudy Workplace and jobs nurse become a complex phenomenon in instantlys sequences. Employees right away aim a braggart(a) number of alternatives and selections at their inclination and therefrom workplace becomes a crucial factor for keeping or leaving the job.It is tyrannical that an Employees functional purlieu is well kept and arrested because ultimately the workplace surround is what defines on the job demeanour and employee indigence. How well an employee adapts to his psychological, psycho motive, desire and health factors at his workplace get out make up mavins mind his workplace demeanour, productivity and errors. Th tetchy this research the researcher aims to prove the similitude in the midst of workplace factors and on the job demeanour of the employee thereby cosmos able to prove that workplace design factors emphatically impacts on the job performance of an employee. . 5 Limitations and eye socket of the study Broad research in this field would bring about data gathering complications. The research only analyses the data lay in from a few employees in the feed and beverage division. The semi structured interviews impart to a fault not show the bigger picture as different people provoke different opinions about their own workplace, to some the workplace seems perfect to early(a)wises it may require a lot of change.Although the study covers only a small plane section in champion business friendly unit of the hospitality sector research on this subject in the approximative rising on a macro direct would provide managers with an all new level of understanding in employee motivation and workplace design. The research arouse be incr peace of mind to hotels resorts or even company policies. 1. 6 Dissertation Structure The 1st chapter, the Introduction fundamentally covers the topic of the research and a brief on its relevance to the application directly.The chapter summarizes the approach of the researcher and the hypothesis and other objectives. The chapter speaks of limitations and clutchesing of this dissertation in the stringent decade. It to a fault covers some of the questions that the researcher allow for analyze during the course of this project. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 9 Impact of Workplace Design The 2nd chapter, the publications analyze forms the basis of the dissertation. It carries a vivid explanation of each of the workplace attributes, their current scenario in the intentness, prior research and the researcher worthy critique.The literature review provides a structure to the dissertation and in any case garters to prepargon a structure for the data analysis and research methodology. The Literature review besides decides the domain for future research on the granted topic. The 3rd Chapter, the research methodology deals with the metre the researcher has taken to obtain the sought aft(prenominal) data to conclude his hypothesis. It as well as gives a comparative understanding of how the researcher has comfort the stupefys for analysis and what was the approach.The 4th Chapter, the data analysis contains the conducted interviews and the analysis of the data peaceful from the employees in the form of a structured questionnaire, the chapter has the analysis of the data which proves the researchers hypothesis and besides answers the subordinate word questions as give on the first chapter The 5th Chapter, conclusion and recommendation summarizes the dissertation and the results of the analysis. It has the critique of the researcher on the animate procedures and how they tush be changed in the near future to achieve outstanding results.The chapter withal provides a valuable insight into how future research advise be conducted for the same Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 10 Impact of Workplace Design Chapter 2 (Literature Review) When people go to work, they shouldnt have to leave their hearts at home. -Betty Bender 2. 1 Overv iew It has evermore been argued that distraction, deprivation of interest, poor decisions and high absence atomic number 18 the major(ip)(ip)(ip) causes of employee disengagement but what organizations genuinely forget ar that these factors might be just the symptoms the root cause may be very different (Slade, 2010).Recent scenarios excessively indicates that subtle productive changes in the workplace environs immediately genuinely reduce employee absenteeism and attrition, which in solve improves on the job performance thereby impacting productivity in a very positive way (Roeloefsen, 2002). immediately it has been proved that employee delight is directly proportional to job merriment, which is directly dependent on the functional surroundings. Workplace factors be a major catalyst in productivity and on the job performance of an employee.In fact, research has focused on ergonomics or biomechanics because of workers demands for more comfort at the workplace ( t umesces, 2000). theorisers call back that allone seeks a balance amongst what one puts into his work and what one behaves to get out of it. Most of the cadence one tends to correspond his own situations with that of other employees in the market place place, ahead he really decides to work with a especial(a) organization (Adams, 1963). In the recent past the nature of employee and employer relations has actually been distorted because of the changes in job structures and way of living. there atomic number 18 a number of companies in the market and therefore not only employees but employers also get hold of to focus on their conduct to make a mark in the business. higher(prenominal) salaries and purify perks may seem the most obvious way of increase an employees on the job performance but this is influenced by other important factors that take on work motivation, facts of life and work upment opportunities, physical, psychological and psychomotive factors (Leblebici, 2012). Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 11 Impact of Workplace DesignMaslows hierarchy of ask theory argued that the amount of anthropogenic attitudes to work was tardily and steady existenceness extended to workplace and work milieu as well for understanding human psychology and motivating factors. The study snarled synthesizing success stories of exemplary people like Einstein, Roosevelt, Douglas and Adams rather than studying the so called neurotic or mentally ill. The model involved looking at human psychology from scratch primary(a) call for like food, water, lifestyle, love etc. passing measuring stick higher, contends evolved to less underlying ones like security, employment, morality, family etc.At further higher levels, needs were more exclusive and included a need for creativity, be, selfesteem, motivation and culture. It was recognize that if all these factors were well taken lot of in a workplace milieu, they would hike up the on job performance of the individual , which would meditate on the team up thereby march oning productivity on a whole (Janet A Simons, n. d. ). McGregors theory on the lineed involved classifying workers as X or Y elements, where the X elements argon idle, poisonous and redundant and require motivation and cooking to bring them up to speed with work and business.Elements Y on the other hand, atomic number 18 self make workers flushed with creativity, who actually make up the strong pillars of the business and require less support as comp argond to the element X. McGregors theory differs from Maslows theory where he states that it is the worker who should be actuated. According to him, the workers should have a positive relation with the workplace to en original all psychological and self actualization needs atomic number 18 existence fulfilled for break-dance performance and productivity. Stuart, 2010) at long last differing from all other theorists Herzberg found out that factors that were ca use for concern were company policy, relation with the boss, operative conditions, salary and relationship with peers. On the other hand , the factors that kept them remindd were achievement, recognition, business as usual, responsibility , cash advance and growth, which again linked the theory of Herzberg to Mcgregor and Maslow (Anonymous, n. d. ) in that respectfore it may be put forward that a workplace is the result of various decisions, feelings and emotions functional together in a close and cohesive work surround.So to actually determine what is it that actually impacts on the job performance of an employee. The researcher impart look into biomechanics which has been a very recent breakthrough and through in research let out termed as ergonomics at workplace. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 12 Impact of Workplace Design 2. 2 biotech straightaway Ergonomics or innovation in workplace procedures has become the hip word in the coupled states of America as the workplace i s going through major changeovers during this peculiar(a) era.The Modern Office Procedure Council has even moved up to publish an article fashionably, entitled Ergonomics the outbreak of a newer discipline (Anonymous, n. d. ). The article though not very acclaimed has covered work-stations, work-surround, behaviors at work and many other minute issues that ar cosmopolitanly overlooked eon discussing on the job performance. The research brought together problems that had been collected and researched over a head of xxx years to prove that employers could actually boost employee on the job performance through workplace design.Thi research is mainly being focused on the employees reaction to workplace and workplace design. Working all day at a desk in an top exe clippingive takes its toll on the eyes, neck and man force play which are some fourth dimensions termed as Musculo penniless disorders or simply (MSDs) (Anonymous, 2010). Workplaces have straight off initiated Heal thy Work Practice Programs (HWPP), these programs provide a tight-laced checklist for spatial relation ergonomic design and also encourage develop strategies to implement the same (Anonymous, 2010).A study conducted in 2000 also states that in the workplace forthwith where technology has taken over a lot of the workplace space there should be supplementary breaks in between to reduce eye strain and over exertion of the eye muscles (Anonymous, 2007). Theorists have argued that the rate of production per labor per day has been increase daily to maintain a competitive advantage in the market place. Technologies are being upgraded, work lifestyle is changing and most importantly, pleasure time is being diminished. In such(prenominal)(prenominal) an environment, where humans are actually worthy synonymous to machines, the importance of rgonomics is rife. If the principles of Ergonomics are not employ to the work task and gibes, workers might go through undue stress and mental st rain, which in bend dexter decrease on the job performance and have a negative impact on productivity as a whole. Recognizing the ergonomic factors in a workplace is the first step to recognizing the threatens associate to workers on the job conditions. Engineers moot that removing physical stress from the running(a) environment could actually eliminate many upright work related injuries each year.Employers should learn to understand employee mindset and work design to make the workplace safer. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 13 Impact of Workplace Design Ergonomics stack servicing reduce many (MSDs) while operative in operations like hotels, as the work involves giving more than eight arc proceedings a day to operations. The process also helps increase the productivity as it provides safer on the job(p) conditions that motivates the workers to work give away in an environment. Ergonomics would also help decrease the absenteeism rates due to less MSDs and more energy among the work force.A workplace net substantially reduce turnovers if new recruits shape their workplace prudishly designed to lawsuit their mindset. Reduced expenses, resulting from a decrease in the rate of (MSDs) would require less greet for covering illness and reduced organization and personal medical monetary value (OSHA, 2000) OSHA also agues that Reducing Ergonomic Hazards at a workplace is belike the easiest of operations to perform. If one is an employer and his employees keep goingly complain of ergonomic hazards, all he has to do is incorporate an ergonomics program in the foundation of his organization.The program should motivate employees to participate and should provide scope for valuable feedback to supervisors. The program should be chequered on a regular basis by the executive in charge to ensure foil and productivity. The program at the end of the day should be no-hit and should be a comely training and training task for employees as well as employers (OSH A, 2000) Though from personal work experience it is strongly look atd, Employees in the cordial reception ndustry have an inner feeling that it is the organizations outlook to provide them with safe, healthy and equilibrize running(a) conditions. Over a period of the past ii years the researcher has completed successful working moment inside the premises of three Hospitality try outments and has nowhere experience a beseeming Ergonomic design program in place. apart(predicate) from workplace design 58% of the employees strongly agree that the motivation factor is a major discipline if one wishes to footstep the relation between job performance and workplace.Each and either employee feels that to sustain and work jubilantly in a working environment there are only two things of paramount importance, the first being workplace design which has been explained above by the researcher in great point in time and the other is Motivation factor. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 14 I mpact of Workplace Design 2. 3 Workplace motivation Motivation recently has been a lament area of research among industrialists and psychologists as it impacts on the job performance of an Individual. It is being taken as a very life-threatening process in a workplace.The opening of motivation for any force out in any field of work is very simple, he deserves to be treated evenhandedly and with respect. On the job doings is a pure reflection of how one is treated within the organization. The plunk for step to why motivation is an important fact is because motivation current of airs to a change in doings, which in turn decides changes in the productive aspect of the employee at workplace. lento but steadily managers in many concerns have started taking the concept of motivation seriously.The assessment of satisfaction in the workplace has been a very common occurrence in the recent times and has been used as a tool to pass judgment employee well being and satisfaction in a particular segment (Spector, 1997). ecumenic Research has shown that out of twenty candidates, sevener prefer to go to work happily i. e. They are the category X employees check to the X and Y theory. Ten employees have a feeling that they wish to bear neutral some age can be happy and well other could be boring. The remaining three who are the Y candidates feel that their orkplace requires drastic improvements. at that place was a similar answer from all the candidates when they were questioned about appreciation, belonging, scope of improvement, salary, supervisor support goal setting and feedback. Therefore as gathered from work experience at a diverse number of workplaces, the general feeling is that workplace motivation is a very important aspect. If the behaviour of the supervisor or the senior does not motivate the employees at work and then the employee tends to comminate their work leading to increased abseintism and attrition.The researcher feels that out of a te n hour work shift an employer must at least spend 30 minutes with his employees to evaluate what they have make and what they should do in the near future to establish success in their working methods. An employer should be able to successfully develop a sensation of confidence and optimism in his employees. The employer should also once in a while allow the employees to volunteer for tasks that are beyond their abilities so that even the failure can help generate self erudition through a method of retreat training.Apart from this the researcher also feels that an employer must successfully be able to map his employees goals and aspirations to help them achieve the same through directed learning and development opportunities. Apart from all this the general feeling is that beyond motivation a good supervisor at the workplace is also an important factor for retaining and satisfying employees. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 15 Impact of Workplace Design 2. 4 Supervisory halt Today Supervisors are a very important factor in the workplace.They are epitomes of knowledge and mediums of effective feedback for employees who are working under them (Durham CC, 1997). The level of supervisory support is directly proportional to the teams introduced in workplace straight off. A supervisor today should be able to comprehend the mood of the individual and the team and work accordingly. With increasing number of team members under a supervisor the need for traditional support reduces. Today a supervisor is expected to be possessed of the qualities for performing diverse roles as with changing scenarios the rolls of different teams.With the drastic changes in the environment it is necessary that the supervisor is chosen out front the contingent team is lively and his behaviour and attitude towards his work must be assessed forwards-hand so as to give a complete sense of satisfaction to all employees as theorized by (Tannenbaum SI & JA, 1996). A supervisors major focus should be on the job enhancement practices for his subordinates, feedback and training. This will help bring about a change in the employees behaviour, motivating him to redesign the workplace.A supervisor must allow an employee to learn from mistakes rather than spoonful feeding and directing each and every time as there is a line of research that states that autonomy without un accreditedty is the best form of learning (Parker Sk, 1998). sometimes theorists do plead that leadership and oversight have a lesser impact on satisfaction but that does not mean it has no impact at all. Supervisory support has smallly been acknowledge as an domineering process for dogging development of new teams on the aspects of satisfaction. BM, 1997) The effect of supervisory support on employee satisfaction is an attribute which has scarcely been researched over time. What really matters is the ability of the supervisor to stay within a team and work as an equal and at the same time being ab le to stand out from the rest in some unmatched way or the other such that, he is successfully able to motivate and supervise the employees he has to lead. No supervisory support is complete without a super workplace design. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 16 Impact of Workplace Design . 5 Designing the new workplace Today on the job behaviour is becoming an important aspect of workplace productivity, architects and interior designers have been working hard to provide employees with the most exquisitely pattern workplaces possible. But the time has come to look beyond architectural innovation because (Jusko, May,2000) says that a study conducted in home design and workplace survey in some of the best billets in the US states that most of the managers gave working conditions a grade c.Hence, it was proved that there are some things beyond architectural design that prompted workers to do well, which were none other than wellness and refreshment design Healthcare expenditure is come up high, there is a definite need for reducing hospital and sickness costs in each and every organization. The United States of America and the European nations have follow structured wellness programs in their office design (Kutler, 2010). Research widely shows that ginmill of injury and disease decrease working cost by $3. 47 per employee per day.This average return on investment clearly highlights the fact that incorporation of wellness programs within an organization would help profits greatly and would positively influence on the job performance with reduced health concerns, injury and cost of treatment Theorists believe a key factor of human resource is to promote employee satisfaction thereby promoting customer satisfaction. Referring to Maslows triangle , it can be easily seen that a sense of belonging, friends, culture, team work, co-worker support and supervisor support, games and recreation make an important part of an employees self-actualization needs.Workplace rec reation and design is very transparent in organizations that bring together people and processes and its introduction into the hospitality sector is a highly necessary evil. The question to shine over is why again is a recreational design postulate at a workplace? The answers though are pretty simple. Today diversionary attackal activities provide a form of intrinsic reward, a sense of self satisfaction from within, which boosts employee motivation. pertainion in recreational activities and retreats, help put a balance between work and life.Recreational activities that require participation of faculty teams provides scope for individual behaviour and attitude feedback. Recreation in a way helps an employee connect his aspiration to his organization and last but not the least, recreation provides the best meeting place for self development (Mokaya, february,2012) Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 17 Impact of Workplace Design So, when it comes to linking recreation and health with on the job performance it has been well seen that both(prenominal) help in strengthening the societal bond between customer and employee.They help in developments of skills like leadership, team work and communication, which are invaluable assets for the service persistence. The activities also provide a good social forum for discussion and understanding of topics like goals, vision and mission of the organization and future endeavors it also provides scope for innovation and mindset storming at work, coupled with increased association and cohesiveness among the staff.Other than wellness and recreation Work stress is also a major cause of not liking ones workplace so to provide a better relationship among staff and employers it is necessary also to act upon the concept of workplace tractableness. 2. 6 Flexibility at workplace Today tractableness means defining how and when a work is through and how does one forge his career in such a critical way that there is change workp lace effectiveness. Companies use workplace flexibility as a major tool for managing, customizing, recruiting, retaining and strategizing workforce load as said by (E. Friedman, 2002).There have been several studies in this field that have successfully been able to prove that flexibility has a major role in reducing stress, increasing effectiveness and improving performance. Flexibility at workplace can be of many types depending on what the work demands and how the superior wants to increase the amount of work done by a particular employee. Today conventional flextime at a workplace allows employees to fill their own times of coming and leaving the office such that their times will be surrounding the time of karyon operating hours and the work meted out to them should be done.Employees are given a true amount of time in a week to complete their work for e. g. the employee is to work ten hours a day for four days a week or has to complete eighty hours of work over a period o f nine days and so on and so forth (E. Friedman, 2002). Many companies also do bye a concept better cognize as summer hours, i. e. , increasing an hour per day and completing the time dole out before the designated day, to apply for an extra off. Theorists believe that Flexibility is many times wrong termed as an employee perk whereas it is only a tool to successfully manage employee on the job behaviour/performance.Its importance is such that it can be used over a range of managerial jobs and at different levels of the hierarchy. Most importantly it is a precise tool and should only be applied only Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 18 Impact of Workplace Design where the management feels apt to do so, everyone cannot ask for flexibility and not all jobs can be given flexibility. There are instances wherein on a permanent job an employee can be provided flexibility for a temporary period to boost his morale so as to help him change his outlook towards his work (E.Friedman, 2002). It is compulsory that a company realizes the problem it wants to deal with, using the tool of flexibility. It is wise endlessly to look into flexibility issues of comparable companies before such a step is taken to boost employee esteem. The company should conduct ingrained studies and should actually be completely sure about the attitudes of the personnel for whom they are allowing flexibility as the companys entire working roll will be centered on flexibility.Going by what theorists say, head with flexibility is also not an diffuse factor so it is of all time better if the supervisors of a company are better trained to monitor staff that are flexible and are trained to cast output from a flex oriented workforce and last but not the least, a company should make its staff well aware of the continuing improvements and should regularly appreciate staff who have done well on a flexi schedule through accolades and newsletters.Though flexibility is not a very common answer to problems in the Hospitality sector as it is a very human oriented industry, what can actually become the solution is concentrating on improving the health of an employee. 2. 7 Health Factors and rise upness Program modify on the job behaviour Today a workplace is viewed from the health perspective, research so outlying(prenominal) has looked into workers health in two aspects, the former being do organizations today promote wellness and health programs for workers?And the latter(prenominal) being Are healthy workplaces also the ones which are more productive? The first question generally covers human resource, employee motivation, hazard thaw environment, wellness programs, supervisor support, training and development. The latter question though here is significantly more important for this particular research as it is looking into improvements in on the job performance of a worker in the organization. Looking at a very three dimensional view of the situation, the answer to the latter appears to be more qualified and complex.Organizations are slowly incorporating workplace wellness programs in their work schedule but actually translating the measure of wealth to on the job productivity is a very difficult task that is required to be accomplished. The research on this front appears to be very washy because in the service industry where work is supposed to be inconspicuous, the industry has shown graphs of deteriorating worker Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 19 Impact of Workplace Design health and wellness because of the amount of hard work required and less time available for ones own self.One must come in the gaps in the health environment of a workplace and should aim to understand the synergistic cause of certain health promotion exercises by combining psychology with job behaviour to research factors like motivation, productivity , sickness ,absenteeism , leave and other psycho social outcomes that can be measured through wellness studies conducted on the job . Organizations must invest in a healthier working environment and employee care as it will no doubt increase productivity and will be a smart investment in terms of future returns.It is highly imperative that employees coordinate with employers for such programs and understand the effects of team related, work related and family related healthcare. But then again by incorporating better technology also, one can reduce the stress on the piece workforce of the industry. 2. 8 The impact of technology on, on the job behaviour engineering has not only changed the workplace today but has also become the life line of success of any company. The world has changed after the advent of fax, internet, Wi-Fi, e mail and holograms. technology is upgrading itself each minute and will push upgrading itself at a fast rate.Imagining work without access to technology is unimaginable. Technology has not only changed the lives of the physically able but has also given equal power to the disabled to compete and even be more productive than normal. With the advent of technology, more and more physically challenged people are entering the business today that probably earlier, just had one or two options. Before technology the differently abled could only earn from supplement programs of the government or could attend training and retraining in schools for the challenged, but their life was neither challenging nor productive.The knowledge of serveing devices how they work and how easily they can be serviced, has empowered the physically challenged to reach newer heights, today even they can be workers, coworkers, self-earning individuals and most importantly with technology boosting their self-esteem, they have become successful and productive employees of today. Theorist believe Whether disabled or not , technology will continue to assist individuals in a job where precision and time management are required, and before joining a job the employer Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 20 Impact of Workplace Design s much riddled with questions about what technology will the employee be using and can the technology be remodeled as per his convenience of use (Cohn, 2000). Therefore it is imperative that technology keeps changing so that work becomes easier as ease of work is another incentive/tool to improve on the job performance and quality of service. Before we close the topic of technology, we must not forget that a very simple technology that has been close to for the past few years is the one on which the foundation of every successful business industry is based is the e-mail, which is viable proof that technology is a intense need.Though technology is indispensable, policy makers in every country should take an important gait to maintain on the job wellness and a healthy workplace environment. A healthy environment is the first initiation of better and greater future returns and for that technology must go hand in hand with the Environmental concerns of To day. 2. 9 Environmental concerns regarding Workplace design Environment issues at workplace should be a ontogeny concern for any company today after the green laws and threat to the ozone layer.Apart from all this it also affects employee performance and on the job behaviour. Who would like to work in an office with bad ventilation and the smell of asbestos nearly? An infected work environment is a health issue it not only decreases productivity but also has a direct impact on employee health causing diseases like asthma, claustrophobia and lung infections. This in turn again increases employee absenteeism and health costs of the company. The Employers should take necessary steps to ensure a healthy work environment.The organization should maintain and keep to the guidelines provided by OSHA and EPA to maintain cost effective ways of managing work environment and reduce absenteeism and attrition to influence on the job behaviour and employee productivity. Theorists argue that empl oyees should also understand greater concerns related to the environment when they are working in a service industry where 75 to 80 percent of the devour generated is biodegradable and can be managed simply by doing CSR initiatives and nonprofit organization work.Restaurants generate around seventy to eighty kilos of edible waste per day. If a company plans successfully, the food waste can safely be disposed off to nongovernmental organizations for the poor as a CSR initiative which would give employees a sense of belonging and goodwill and Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 21 Impact of Workplace Design would motivate them to innovate on better and unique methods of waste disposal for the greater good and environmental concern.The source for bringing in environmental concerns while studying employee productivity is the simple fact that waste should be eliminated in the surroundings where it is generated then only is it said that the company follows a policy of successful waste managem ent. Therefore, every company should have a method of connecting with the experts for complete understanding of environmental concerns relating to a guest service industry. puritanical training and development sessions on how to manage cleanliness and environment around and in the workplace should be well followed by employers.The employees should be trained in the art of environment management by their given organization. aft(prenominal) discussing every aspect of workplace design one must not forget that an Employees reason for discord may also be underperformance which also sadly makes up a large part of the workplace design. 2. 10 Managing underperformance Workplace is pronounced by unsatisfactory work performance or the failure to comprehend and act on the tasks which are to be done by the individual in the perplex of power he holds.The reasons clearly stand to be a high degree of non compliance with workplace policies and/or rules, unacceptable behaviour from peers at workp lace and disruptive or attitude clashes with bosses or superiors. Apart from this the reasons that are more importantly missed while carrying out a feedback are an employees problem in understanding what is expected, his incapableness to perform in the given position due to a mismatch between job profile and skill set, lack of regular counseling thereby paralyzing the employee technically, family issues, do drugs abuse and work culture.It has been frequently argued that dealings with underperformance has always been challenging for employee and employer alike. Managers with formal training require the 5Cs to deal with underperformance which relatively are character, commitment, conviction, courtesy and courage (Khera, 1998). It is crucial to unthaw underperformance problems in the location where they arise. Not needs does every underperformance issue require a structured approach but the mind must always be free to explore additional options.Employers must think up in all cont exts that underperformance affects a work environment adversely. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 22 Impact of Workplace Design There exists certain incapability among managers to identify the source of underperformance and then assess it successfully. neer has one seen all companies perform at the same level and if they would have, the existence of competition would not have been a paramount feature hence it is important to understand who controls the situation and who manages the workforce. 2. 1 The people involved After discussing all the attributes involved in a workplace design that lead to positive on the job performance, one must not forget the major question of who should be involved in the major processes. An article published by (Frenburg, 1985) stated that flexibility, health, environment, recreation and motivation force on the job performance as it involved a sense of well being and belonging in an employee. The researcher also found that whatever gaps were left in progres sive work design was the lack of consultation between employee, employer and workplace designer.It is undoubtedly very clear that a workplace benefits more from staffs who are make and trained and understand who the boss is. strong performance management individuals can create better employees and better effectiveness at workplace. Non compliance with workplace issues, negligent behaviour and hostility in the workplace environment leads to leadership, teamwork and managing the workplace issues. It is rare that an employee knows what is expected from him. Many a times it has been seen that for all the processes mentioned above, there are as such no ground rules laid down by the department to help employees with the same.Unless employees are make to understand that they are underperforming, it is very difficult for them to actually understand that they are underperforming (government, n. d. ). It is essentially required that the head HR managers and executives , decent look into th e tasks mentioned above so that proper coordination is maintained and all the processes followed very virtually and carefully Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 23 Impact of Workplace Design Chapter 3 (Research Methodology) 3. Approach The researcher has adopt a mix of quantitative as well as qualitative approaches to carry out this particular study. The Qualitative analysis involves the primary research which draws inferences from the working environment and its effect on the employees in the food and beverage department of the Taj Palace Delhi. The secondhand research of this analysis involved conducting literature reviews through thorough study of journals, books and websites to get a global understanding of employee and employee workplace to substantiate the primary research.The quantitative approach involved conducting a survey of thirty employees in the food and beverage department of the hotel, the questionnaires were distributed to equal number of men and women and were disjoin ted over a span of different age groups to understand how employees today feel about their workplace and what is the change they would like to see in that particular department or their working conditions in the near future.After which the researcher conducted semi structured interviews of certain industry personnel who have given fitted amount of years to the industry and who can successfully compare and contrast the difference between workplace scenarios then and what change they have undergone now. 3. 2 The Research Question/Hypothesis Do workplace attributes affect on the job behaviour of an employee? 3. 3 Research design The primary design of the research is an empirical deductive research. The questionnaire data has been collected from thirty employees belonging to different societies and spread over different ages and genders.The qualitative data involves deducing data from semi structured interviews of hospitality industry professionals with sufficient experience of the top ic. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 24 Impact of Workplace Design Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) 4. 1 Interview 4. 1. 1 Mr. Avijit Sen, General Manager, Vesta Hotels Jaipur How critical is the physical work environment to office space conniving today compared to when you began your work in the industry? Things were indeed very different when I began in the hospitality sector. The industry was still going through a figure of metamorphosis and things were very new.Then, every HM student was considered to be a host and a culinary guy a bawarchi. There was no defined workplace design as such, people were un flexable followers of the phrase work is piety and no matter whatever be the condition work is our livelihood so good or bad gentle or not so engaging it did not matter. But yes things are very different now. flock are being judged on their overall efficiency more and more jobs are being replaced by technology and a small number of highly qualified individuals are required in a business unit. Workplace or the so called physical environment of the employee has become an epicenter of change.Innovation and efficiency are todays mantra and are the keys to employee motivation. Everyone wishes to have an environment with his own physical space. There has been more stress on scientific design lately to suite the body and physical needs of employees and with labor becoming more and more costly, one has to design to retain. When did you first begin to realize that the work environment or the workplace itself has started modify your on the job behaviour? Well to be very honest, it was not very tough to realize that. When you are at the level of assistant managers you are new-fashioned in the industry and the world seems to be a gift of Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 25 Impact of Workplace Design unlimited possibilities. At that time when you are in the period of frequent transfers and property changes you seem to notice designs and patterns I am from a food and bev erage background for me at least I knew that the design of the bar or the restaurant definitely mattered. Better ambience better origination would not only enchant customer but also employee alike. The major difference always will be that some places the organization would have designed well at other places it would have not shown much interest so the working attitude really differs from place to place.I preferably found the Private hotels and their designs better and hence changed over from ITDC. Why do you feel that the industry is taking so long to incorporate workplace innovations even after realizing that it has a significant impact on the on the job behaviour? Unlike all other product oriented businesses which have been there from time immemorial the hospitality industry is relatively knew and mapping all aspects of its production is very difficult.Plus recent insights show that the hospitality industry is still in need of a lot of qualified professionals Workplace design th ough essential is a very hi-fi concept, the education system in India is definitely not equipped to generate out of the box thinking individuals and that is why there are very few. It is not that the workplace engineering concept has not been introduced, the fact still is that hospitality professionals are still not mentally prepared to embrace the realities of the concept. If you wanted to create the deification workplace environment, what would you envision it to be if you were an employee?Honestly, if I were to view workplace as an employee, India is far from achieving the vision I have seen. Improvements are not only required in staff line motivation but also infrastructure Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 26 Impact of Workplace Design Life in hospitality is fast paced, the job is demanding and work hours are eerie. In a scenario like this, employees are forced to come and change in a changing live cramp with lockers that would not even hold two pair of suits. The washrooms of the back area are cramped and employees literally have to bend to accommodate.The bunk beds placed for employees on iniquity parole too are rough and uncomfortable When I began as an hotelier we had a few prestigious properties of hospitality scattered in the regions of Delhi Madras and Bangalore and sadly when today hospitality is growing its staff sector is still underdeveloped. The resources are not proper and the facilities are scarce. What do you feel have been the most insistent complains regarding workplace issues in the industry? Being a manger you face those complains in abundance, you can never categorize these complains as important or non important.Many of them are linked to issues I have already discussed with you in previous questions. I often get complains like the environment smell rancid, the cleaning in the back areas are, not proper. Technological failure, softwares not working. Then you will also not be surprised to realise complains like space in washroom is n ot sufficient or the staff rooms are too claustrophobic. Lack of basic amenities and training programs and less motivational factors related to work. Office innovation or workplace change is actually the development of technological social and personnel aspects, what are your comments on this statement?It is definitely that but a lot more is what I would like to say as I have mentioned every aspect in my answers above. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 27 Impact of Workplace Design 4. 1. 2 Mr. Akesh Bhatnagar, General Manager, Golkonda Hotel, Hyderabad How critical is the physical work environment to office space designing today compared to when you began your work in the industry? Interesting Question, you see physical work environment or office design now is like the rotation of the earth, there is day and there is night. Some changes occurred for the best and well others were not that successful.Office design was critical then and is critical now the only difference today is that peopl e are more aware of what is expected of them. In the 1980s when I was still in my twenties I remember the laws of transparency at work and overtime were not strict. People could get away with anything and everything and aboveboard we did not bother much we did what our elders had done, we were told work was for a living and it had to be done come what may. Today though things have taken a drastic turn with people today aping the west and with more flexibility in laws and awareness employees tend to choose their own workplace.If it is good and up to their level of comfort they will do the job and if not its not their cup of tea, so today office space design has actually become a mirage of what the employee wants to see. It is his job and his way. When did you first begin to realize that the work environment or the workplace itself has started affecting your on the job behaviour? Well it is actually hard to recall but if you ask me personally, I would say I realized it when I was tra ining with ITDC on a banquet operation. I remember I had a very grumpy supervisor who would snap at us every time we moved a grump from here to there.It was actually intimidating the way he would actually direct us in each and everything how to walk, how to talk and how to serve, what to say and what not to say. One must understand that people do not like that. They prefer an environment that gives the ease of working not overstress them From there on I started judging my workplace by how my peers were, how my colleagues were, how well kept my workplace was and most importantly whether I can expect to get back what I put in. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 28 Impact of Workplace DesignWhy do you feel that the industry is taking so long to incorporate workplace innovations even after realizing that it has a significant impact on the on the job behaviour? Well Varun, I do not know if you realize this or not but hoteliering is not the most occurrent profession in the world today. You wil l actually be surprised to know how many people keep this as a second option, honestly hoteliering was my second option too it was much later when I came face to face with my work that I realized it is not that bad after all. If you see figures the industry is actually in need of more than twenty thousand educated professionals but alasPeople with brains either become engineers or doctors or join other professions with other noble roots. There is a deficit of skilled personnel in this industry and people knock on the doors of this profession when they have realized that they do not stand a chance elsewhere. People like you that is if hotels was your first option are really hard to come by so you know bringing in an innovation which few seem to understand feels like a waste of time so the process of workplace change though slow seems even more redundant because of the lack of skilled people for its execution.If you wanted to create the ideal workplace environment, what would you en vision it to be if you were an employee? Well if I were to envision my work place I would see myself sitting on a chair that floats above the ground and be able to move in an out through walls unnoticed eat calm work and enjoy when I want. Jokes apart, I am just trying to say that there can never be one vision. The vision of workplace for every person changes with the change in his longevity and his mindset.When I was at the Front office manager I wanted a bigger desk today when I am a General Manager I want a bigger and much more technologically improved office What one envisions to see will always be steps away from reality, so if you wish to sum up what each and every one of us in this industry wants it would just be heaven. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 29 Impact of Workplace Design What do you feel have been the most repetitive complains regarding workplace issues in the industry? Well when you talk of complains in this industry they are more like tantrums of josh.It is like when the kid wants something he wants it without even realizing whether or not the company would actually be able to provide him with the same. I get complains like the staff washroom is to small or we need better lockers or the work hours are killing or sir, I did not get my designated of and last but not the least my supervisor and colleagues do not respect me. This world is a battleground of conflicts, people strive to achieve better and better. To people there will always be a scope for change so workplace design or change is like polishing a diamond with each intricate cut it shines better and its value doubles.Maybe many of the complains do not have a solution but many also do but the irony is if you solve one they come up with upgraded versions of previous complains so you have got to keep improving yourself so that you can face the challenges of the future. Office innovation or workplace change is actually the development of technological social and personnel aspects, wha t are your comments on this statement? Definitely, very truly spoken because work and its outcomes depend mainly on personal social and technological aspects, enhancing all of the above would definitely enhance productivity. . 2 Structured Questionnaire abstract A structured questionnaire was provided to thirty staff members selected randomly from the food and beverage department of Taj Palace Hotel, Delhi. The questionnaire involved ranking workplace as an important attribute affecting job satisfaction and on-job performance on a scale of one to five, with one being the lowest and five being the highest. After the data was collected, it was analyzed for the importance placed to different attributes with regards to the employees job satisfaction and on-job performance.An average of the Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 30 Impact of Workplace Design data submitted by all participants of the study was calculated and a bar graph was generated as follows. Attributes of Job Satisfaction 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 Attributes 2. 6 2. 6 3. 7 4. 4 4. 1 3. 9 3. 6 3. 6 3. 7 3. 7 4. 1 4. 2 4 4. 5 3. 8 4 4. 5 0 ascertain 1 The analysis of this questionnaire presented to employees of different ages and working at different levels in the Food and Beverage Department of The Taj Palace Delhi yielded very interesting results.Looking at the bar graph from the average of all attributes of work and workplace design , it is naturally seen that Learning Opportunity, Promotion, Motivation and Workplace Architecture play a major role in employee satisfaction, which in turn is known to be directly proportional to the on the job behaviour of the employee. Many employees have also marked Wellness Programs and Job Security as important reasons for retaining a job. The analysis also included ideas collected from, The Restaurant Manager, supervisors, the stewards and also management trainees working in the department.The questionnaire by design was circulated to an equal number of male and womanish employees in the study. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Page 31 Impact of Workplace Design Next, the researcher separate the study findings by gender to see if any deviations occurred in the result. It was realized that different workplace attributes motivated male and female employees differently. Given below is a take out chart of the attributes that the male employees considered essential for job satisfaction. 5 Job Satisfaction Attributes for manly 4. 7 Employees 4. 1 3. 4 3. 8 3. 7 3. 4 2. 8 2. 5 4. 1 4 4 4. 2 4. 2 4. 2 4. 1 4 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 Attributes(M) 1 0. 5 0 Figure 2 It was clearly noticed that for male employees working in the Food and Beverage department of The Taj Palace Hotel, Delhi that what motivates them the most is the physical attribute of workplace, which includes working desk and back area design. Workplace architecture is closely followed by job security, training and development, motivation while attr